scholarly journals Hacking the host: exploitation of macrophage polarization by intracellular bacterial pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph D Thiriot ◽  
Yazmin B Martinez-Martinez ◽  
Janice J Endsley ◽  
Alfredo G Torres
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Polarization State ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
M2 Polarization ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Macrophage Plasticity

ABSTRACT Macrophages play an integral role in host defenses against intracellular bacterial pathogens. A remarkable plasticity allows for adaptation to the needs of the host to orchestrate versatile innate immune responses to a variety of microbial threats. Several bacterial pathogens have adapted to macrophage plasticity and modulate the classical (M1) or alternative (M2) activation bias towards a polarization state that increases fitness for intracellular survival. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the host macrophage and intracellular bacterial interface; highlighting the roles of M1/M2 polarization in host defense and the mechanisms employed by several important intracellular pathogens to modulate macrophage polarization to favor persistence or proliferation. Understanding macrophage polarization in the context of disease caused by different bacterial pathogens is important for the identification of targets for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Ironing Out the Details: How Iron Orchestrates Macrophage Polarization

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaoyao Xia ◽  
Yikun Li ◽  
Xiaoyan Wu ◽  
Qingzhuo Zhang ◽  
Siyuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses

Iron fine-tunes innate immune responses, including macrophage inflammation. In this review, we summarize the current understanding about the iron in dictating macrophage polarization. Mechanistically, iron orchestrates macrophage polarization through several aspects, including cellular signaling, cellular metabolism, and epigenetic regulation. Therefore, iron modulates the development and progression of multiple macrophage-associated diseases, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and liver diseases. Collectively, this review highlights the crucial role of iron for macrophage polarization, and indicates the potential application of iron supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in different inflammatory disorders relative to the balance of macrophage polarization.

Protecting the organ of Corti from damage

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (580) ◽  
pp. eaax8884
Author(s):  
Annalisa M. VanHook
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses

The LCCL domain of cochlin protects hearing by sequestering bacterial pathogens and stimulating innate immune responses.

scholarly journals lncRNAs Regulate Innate Immune Responses and Their Roles in Macrophage Polarization

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Ying Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
First Line ◽  
New Class

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against microbial pathogens. The activated innate immune system plays important roles in eliciting antimicrobial defenses. Despite the benefits of innate immune responses, excessive inflammation will cause host damage. Thus, tight regulation of these processes is required for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Recently, a new class of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) has emerged as important regulators in many physiological and pathological processes. Dysregulated lncRNAs have been found to be associated with excessive or uncontrolled inflammation. In this brief review, we summarize the roles of functional lncRNAs in regulating innate immune responses. We also discuss the roles of lncRNAs in macrophage polarization, an important molecular event in the innate immune responses.

Immunological Responses to Gut Bacteria

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M Green-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

Abstract The integral nature of interactions between the gut microbiota and host is especially evident with respect to effects on the immune system and host defenses. Host-microbiota interactions are increasingly being revealed as complex and dynamic, with far-reaching effects on varied aspects of host health. This review focuses on adaptive and innate immune responses to the gut microbiota and the bidirectional nature of these host-microbe interactions.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors impair innate immune responses to Toll-like receptor agonists and to infection

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 1205-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Roger ◽  
Jérôme Lugrin ◽  
Didier Le Roy ◽  
Geneviève Goy ◽  
Matteo Mombelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Hdac Inhibitors ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanism ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
Receptor Agonists

Abstract Regulated by histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases (HDACs), histone acetylation is a key epigenetic mechanism controlling chromatin structure, DNA accessibility, and gene expression. HDAC inhibitors induce growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis of tumor cells and are used as anticancer agents. Here we describe the effects of HDAC inhibitors on microbial sensing by macrophages and dendritic cells in vitro and host defenses against infection in vivo. HDAC inhibitors down-regulated the expression of numerous host defense genes, including pattern recognition receptors, kinases, transcription regulators, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and costimulatory molecules as assessed by genome-wide microarray analyses or innate immune responses of macrophages and dendritic cells stimulated with Toll-like receptor agonists. HDAC inhibitors induced the expression of Mi-2β and enhanced the DNA-binding activity of the Mi-2/NuRD complex that acts as a transcriptional repressor of macrophage cytokine production. In vivo, HDAC inhibitors increased the susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections but conferred protection against toxic and septic shock. Thus, these data identify an essential role for HDAC inhibitors in the regulation of the expression of innate immune genes and host defenses against microbial pathogens.

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