Clonal variation of indirect cambium reaction to within-growing season temperature changes in Douglas-fir

Wood Mountain loam was wetted with water or (NH4)2SO4 solution to provide a factorial combination among three moisture and three NH4-N levels. Samples in polyethylene bags were incubated at 2.5-cm depths in fallow, and in an incubator that simulated the diurnal patterns of temperature fluctuation recorded in the field. During the growing season, treatments were sampled regularly for moisture, NO3− and exchangeable NH4-N. Similar determinations were made on in situ samples taken in fallow Wood Mountain loam. The incubator simulated the effects of growing season temperatures on soil N transformations satisfactorily. Pronounced increases or decreases in temperature led to flushes in N mineralization. However, in the 1972 growing season, temperature was suboptimal and temperature changes were generally small. Consequently, when a stepwise multiple regression technique was used to analyze the data, neither ammonification nor nitrification showed a quantitative relationship to temperature. Comparison of the nitrification occurring in laboratory-incubated soils with that occurring in situ led to the conclusion that 70 to 90% of the NO3-N produced in surface soil resulted from wetting and drying. Estimates of potentially ammonifiable soil N(No) and its rate of mineralization (k) were derived from cumulative ammonification by assuming that the laws of first-order kinetics were applicable. In the 10, 15, and 20% moisture treatments the average No was 27, 41, and 82 ppm, respectively. Under the conditions of this study, the time required to mineralize half of No was about 7 wk.

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Determination of the Year-To-Year Variation in Growing Season Water Use of a Douglas-Fir Stand

The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction ◽

10.1007/978-94-009-5305-5_15 ◽

1985 ◽

pp. 235-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D. L. Spittlehouse

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Growing Season ◽

Douglas Fir

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Ectomycorrhizae and growth of Douglas-fir seedlings preinoculated with Rhizopogonvinicolor and outplanted on eastern Vancouver Island

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x93-213 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

pp. 1711-1715 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

S.M. Berch ◽

A.L. Roth

Keyword(s):

Cold Storage ◽

Growing Season ◽

Vancouver Island ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

The Other ◽

Field Soil ◽

Field Season ◽

Ectomycorrhizal Colonization ◽

Growth Differences ◽

And Control

Ectomycorrhizal colonization of container-grown Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir) inoculated with Rhizopogonvinicolor A.H. Smith was determined after cold storage and after one growing season on a clearcut on eastern Vancouver Island. Inoculated Douglas-fir seedlings were taller than noninoculated controls when outplanted but, perhaps because of browse damage, no growth differences were found after one field season. Rhizopogonvinicolor colonized all of the inoculated but none of the control seedlings examined after cold storage. Volunteer Thelephoraterrestris Fr. colonized almost half of the control and 10% of the inoculated seedlings before outplanting. After one field season, inoculated and control seedlings were colonized by 15 ectomycorrhizal fungi each, only eight of which were found on both. Rhizopogonvinicolor persisted on the roots of inoculated plants, but was also present in the field soil since the control seedlings also bore these mycorrhizae after one growing season. The relative abundance of T. terrestris decreased from the nursery to the field. The other common ectomycorrhizae in the field included Myceliumradicisatrovirens Melin, Cenococcumgeophilum Fr., and types resembling Tuber and Endogone.

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Long-Term Trends in Air Temperature Distribution and Extremes, Growing Degree‐Days, and Spring and Fall Frosts for Climate Impact Assessments on Agricultural Practices in Nebraska

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ◽

10.1175/jamc-d-11-0146.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 51 (11) ◽

pp. 2060-2073 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Kari E. Skaggs ◽

Suat Irmak

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Central City ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Growing Season ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Degree Days ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Growing Season Length ◽

Average Maximum

AbstractAir temperature influences agricultural practices and production outcomes, making detailed quantifications of temperature changes necessary for potential positive and negative effects on agricultural management practices to be exploited or mitigated. Temperature trends of long-term data for five agricultural locations, ranging from the subhumid eastern to the semiarid western parts of Nebraska, were studied to determine local temperature changes and their potential effects on agricultural practices. The study quantified trends in annual and monthly average maximum and minimum air temperature (Tmax and Tmin), daily temperature range (DTR), total growing degree-days, extreme temperatures, growing‐season dates and lengths, and temperature distributions for five heavily agricultural areas of Nebraska: Alliance, Central City, Culbertson, Fremont, and Hastings. July and August were the months with the greatest decreases in Tmax for the central part of Nebraska—Culbertson, Hastings, and Central City. Alliance, Culbertson, and Fremont had year-round decreases in DTR. Central City and Hastings experienced growing‐season decreases in DTR. Increases in growing‐season length occurred at rates of 14.3, 16.7, and 11.9 days century−1 for Alliance, Central City, and Fremont, respectively. At Hastings, moderately earlier last spring frost (LS) at a rate of 6.6 days century−1 was offset by an earlier (2.7 days century−1) first fall frost (FF), resulting in only a 3.8 days century−1 longer growing season. There were only slight changes in LS and FF dates of around 2 days earlier and 1 day later per century, respectively, for Culbertson.

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Clonal variation in pollen-related characteristics of Douglas-fir

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x82-057 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 403-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

W. T. Adams

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Seed Orchard ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Clonal Variation ◽

Pollen Production ◽

The Mean ◽

Pollen Cone ◽

Grain Diameter

The mean number of pollen grains produced per pollen cone (P) ranged from 37 310 to 62 960 ([Formula: see text], SE = 1584) among eight seed-orchard clones of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and correlated significantly (r = 0.87, p < 0.05) with the mean number of microsporophylls per cone but not significantly with pollen cone length. The number of pollen grains per milligram (G) also differed among clones (range 2323–3112; [Formula: see text], SE = 32) and correlated significantly and negatively (r = −0.86) with grain diameter. Although this study provides evidence for genetic variation in both P and G, the differences were relatively small. Adjusting pollen-cone counts for P would add little, if any, precision to estimates of pollen production in seed-orchard clones. If balanced clonal representation in pollen mixes is desired, equal weights of pollen would probably suffice for most breeding applications.

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Carbon and nitrogen allocation patterns of Douglas-fir seedlings fertilized with nitrogen in autumn. II. Field performance

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x86-161 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 903-909 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

H. A. Margolis ◽

R. H. Waring

Keyword(s):

Free Amino ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Field Performance ◽

Growing Season ◽

Frost Damage ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Summer Drought ◽

Tree Roots ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Relative Growth Rates

October-fertilized and unfertilized 2-0 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were outplanted the following February. Half of each planting block was seeded with grass to induce water stress during the typical summer drought. Sucrose was applied to soil around each seedling to limit availability of nitrogen to tree roots. Fertilized seedlings broke bud 9–10 days earlier, produced more shoot growth, and, as shown in later harvests, had higher relative growth rates than unfertilized seedlings. However, initial differences in growth response were due primarily to the earlier budbreak. Seedlings growing with grass had predawn water potentials of −1.5 MPa by early August; by September 3, unfertilized seedlings growing with grass were significantly more stressed than any others. Although free amino acid and total nitrogen concentrations were higher in fertilized than unfertilized seedlings when planted, they became equal by the end of one growing season. However, fertilized seedlings contained more free amino acids and nitrogen because of their greater size. Grass competition affected both seedling nitrogen and carbohydrate chemistry. After one growing season, fertilized seedlings had greater height increment, shoot growth, leaf area, relative growth rate, and production per unit nitrogen. Although autumn fertilization benefited these Douglas-fir seedlings, negative effects could result from carbohydrate depletion because of increased respiration or from frost damage because of earlier budbreak.

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Bulldozing stumps and nitrogen fertilization affect growth of Douglas-fir seedlings

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x88-122 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 803-806 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

W. G. Thies ◽

E. E. Nelson

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Growing Season ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Olympic Peninsula ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Breast Height ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Growth Of Seedlings

Eight treatments involving stump removal by bulldozing in combination with nitrogen fertilization were applied to 0.04-ha circular plots in a clear-cut on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Treatments included stump removal (either all stumps removed or the plot left undisturbed) and broadcast fertilization with ammonium nitrate (0, 336, 672, or 1345 kg N ha−1). Diameter at breast height and height of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings, planted several months after treatment, were recorded five and eight seasons after outplanting. The results showed that either bulldozing stumps from the site or fertilizing with ammonium nitrate increased growth of seedlings through their eighth growing season. After eight growing seasons, bulldozing had increased seedling height by 23% and diameter at breast height by 43%; fertilizing produced increases of 13% in height and 17% in diameter at breast height.

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Growing-Season Microclimatic Gradients from Clearcut Edges into Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forests

Ecological Applications ◽

10.2307/1942053 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 74-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 436

Author(s):

Jiquan Chen ◽

Jerry F. Franklin ◽

Thomas A. Spies

Keyword(s):

Growing Season ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Old Growth

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Interactive Effects of Stock Type and Forest Vegetation Management Treatments on Douglas-Fir Seedling Growth and Survival—Ten-Year Results

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10111002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1002 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wightman ◽

Gonzalez-Benecke ◽

Dinger

Keyword(s):

Plant Cover ◽

Growing Season ◽

Vegetation Management ◽

Action Control ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Forest Vegetation ◽

Shrub Cover ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Stock Type ◽

Forest Vegetation Management

In the Pacific Northwest, the use of forest vegetation management (FVM) and seedling stock type selection are important tools to ensure seedling establishment according to organizational objectives and state laws. Individually, these two reforestation decisions have been shown to increase growth and survival of Douglas-fir seedlings, however, the interaction between seedling stock type and level of vegetation control represents economic and ecologic tradeoffs that are less well understood. This study was designed to test the combined effects of three FVM regimes and three containerized stock types, one of which was experimental at the time, on Douglas-fir growth during the initial ten years of establishment on a site near Belfair, Washington (USA). When compared to the no-action control, FVM treatments reduced competitive plant cover below 20% during the year of application, and differences in vegetation cover persisted through the fifth growing season. Vegetation species diversity recovered quickly after FVM and there were no differences among the treatments by the third growing season. After ten growing seasons, trees in plots treated with FVM were 1.1 m taller with a mean diameter at breast height (DBH) 2.2 cm larger than those in the no-action control. Larger seedlings at the time of planting (styro-60) were 0.6 m taller with a mean DBH 1.1 cm larger than smaller seedlings (styro-8 and styro-15). The only significant stock type by FVM interaction in the experiment occurred with the survival of styro-60 seedlings growing in the no action control which had lower survival than all other treatment combinations (67% vs 91%). The long-term competitive impact of shrub cover was demonstrated by a strong non-linear relationship. Increasing cumulative shrub cover from 10% to 30% during the first two years of establishment reduced stand volume at year 10 by 79%.

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Effects of prolonged cold storage on phenology and performance of Douglas-fir and noble fir 2 + 0 seedlings from high-elevation sources

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x86-084 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 471-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chao-Hsiung Tung ◽

Luci Wisniewski ◽

David R. DeYoe

Keyword(s):

Cold Storage ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Growing Season ◽

High Elevation ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Bud Burst ◽

Diameter Increment ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Seed Sources ◽

Noble Fir

Survival, phenology, and growth performance of 2 + 0 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and noble fir (Abiesprocera Rehd.) seedlings planted at 1500 m in the Oregon Cascade Range were determined following a lifting on November 7 with 7 months of cold storage or lifting on March 1 with 3 months of cold storage. Storage temperature remained between 1 and 2 °C. There was no difference in Douglas-fir survival attributable to the lifting – cold-storage treatments during the first two growing seasons. The first-season survival of noble fir stored for 7 months was superior to that of those stored for 3 months, but no difference was evident after the second growing season. Timing of bud burst did not differ significantly among treatments for either species. However, the rate of bud burst was significantly greater for noble fir seedlings lifted in November and stored 7 months than for those lifted in March and stored 3 months. No difference in the rate of bud burst was observed between treatments for Douglas-fir. Shoot/root ratio for both species and treatments decreased significantly in the first growing season, but did not change significantly in the second growing season. Regardless of species, no differences were found in height growth or diameter increment between the two lifting – cold-storage treatments for the two consecutive growing seasons. The results suggest that Douglas-fir and noble fir seedlings originating from high-elevation seed sources can be lifted in fall and cold stored for 7 months without adverse effects on seedling performance.

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