During mammalian development, gene expression is partly regulated by posttranslational modifications of histones. In particular, H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 are involved in transcriptional repression and activation, respectively. In this study, we examined the global levels of H3K27me3 and H3K4me3, as well as the expression levels of their specific methylases and demethylases during porcine pre-implantation embryonic development. Global histone methylation was analyzed by immunocytochemical quantification within in vivo porcine embryos at 1-cell (Day 1), 4-cell (Day 3), morula (Day 5), and late blastocyst (containing the epiblast; Day 9). The numbers of embryos analyzed for H3K27me3 at the 1-cell, 4-cell, morula, and late blastocyst stage were 7, 8, 6, and 5, respectively, and for H3K4me3 at these four stages were 7, 6, 6, and 5, respectively. At the same developmental stages, mRNA expression of methylases (EZH2, EED, and SUZ12, three core components of PRC2) and demethylases (JMJD3 and UTX) of H3K27me3 was performed on pooled embryos (n = 10), as well as expression of methylases (MLL1 and ASH1L) and demethylase (RBP2) of H3K4me3, by comparative RT-PCR. Expression was compared with pooled embryos from the limb bud stage (Day 21). GAPDH was used as the reference gene, and expression was normalized to Day 21 embryos. Our results show that the levels of global histone methylation of H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 decrease gradually from 1-cell to morula, but both were increased in late blastocysts. The levels of H3K27me3 methylase (EZH2, EED, and SUZ12) transcripts increased from 1-cell to late blastocyst stage. Low expression of the H3K27me3 demethylase JMJD3 was found at 1-cell stage and high expression at the 4-cell stage from when it decreased gradually to the late blastocyst. UTX expression was low but peaked at the 4-cell stage. Expression of H3K4me3 methylase MLL1, was low, whereas ASH1L expression was high at the 4-cell stage. RBP2, a demethylase of H3K4me3, was highly expressed at the late blastocyst stage. In conclusion, at the major genome activation (the 4-cell stage), H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 have decreased to moderate levels, which apparently balance each other with respect to gene repression and activation allowing for genome activation. At the 4-cell stage the activation of H3K4me3 is favored as a consequence of low levels of H3K27 methylases and high levels of H3K27 demethylases combined with high levels of H3K4 methylases and low levels of H3K4 demethylases. Interestingly, at the late blastocyst stage of development, high expression of H3K27me3 methylases and the H3K4me3 demethylase, RBP2, are observed, indicating repression of gene expression, which is counterintuitive to accelerating development. We speculate other factors, such as microRNA or other kinds of epigenetic mechanisms, might play a critical role at this developmental stage. Thus, further research is required to explain these phenomena occurred during early porcine development.
Replicative Advantage and Tissue-Specific Segregation of RR Mitochondrial DNA Between C57BL/6 and RR Heteroplasmic Mice
