CHROMOSOME STUDIES IN WILD POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. II. RELATIONSHIP OF INVERSION FREQUENCIES TO LATITUDE, SEASON, WING-LOADING AND FLIGHT ACTIVITY

ABSTRACT In the midwestern and eastern U.S. populations of Drosophila melanogaster, the Standard gene arrangements show higher frequencies in the north than in the south. In a Missouri population, and to a lesser extent in a south Texas population, the frequencies of Standard chromosomes regularly rise during the cold season and drop during the warm season, thus paralleling the north-south frequency differences. In the Missouri population in 1976 and 1978, wild males were tested far their ability to fly to bait at different ambient temperatures. In both years, males flying in nature in the temperature range of 13° to 15° showed significantly higher frequencies of Standard chromosomes than did those flying in the 16° to 28° range. Wild males flying at 13° to 15° also have different tharax/wing proportions and significantly lower wingloading indices than do those flying at 16° to 28°. Moreover, wild flies homozygous Standard in 2R and/or 3R have significantly lower wing-loading indices than flies carrying inversions in these arms. Thus, wild flies with high frequencies of Standard chromosommes are karyotypically northern, are selectively favored during the cold season, have a relatively low wing-load and are most capable of flying at critically low ambient temperatures.—In summary, in Missouri, presence or absence of the common cosmopolitan inversions is an important factor in low temperature adaptation, and at least part of the adaptive mechanism involves control of thorax/wing proportions and thus control of wing-loading.

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Diet composition and feeding habits of the eyespot skate, Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae), off Uruguay and northern Argentina

Neotropical Ichthyology ◽

10.1590/1982-0224-20160032 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Santiago A. Barbini ◽

Luis O. Lucifora

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Diet Composition ◽

Prey Size ◽

Prey Availability ◽

Feeding Habits ◽

Warm Season ◽

Cold Season ◽

The North ◽

Multiple Hypothesis ◽

Modelling Approach

ABSTRACT The eyespot skate, Atlantoraja cyclophora, is an endemic species from the southwestern Atlantic, occurring from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to northern Patagonia, Argentina. The feeding habits of this species, from off Uruguay and north Argentina, were evaluated using a multiple hypothesis modelling approach. In general, the diet was composed mainly of decapod crustaceans, followed by teleost fishes. Molluscs, mysidaceans, amphipods, isopods, lancelets and elasmobranchs were consumed in lower proportion. The consumption of shrimps drecreased with increasing body size of A. cyclophora. On the other hand, the consumption of teleosts increased with body size. Mature individuals preyed more heavily on crabs than immature individuals. Teleosts were consumed more in the south region (34º - 38ºS) and crabs in the north region (38º - 41ºS). Shrimps were eaten more in the warm season than in the cold season. Prey size increased with increasing body size of A. cyclophora , but large individuals also consumed small teleosts and crabs. Atlantoraja cyclophora has demersal-benthic feeding habits, shifts its diet with increasing body size and in response to seasonal and regional changes in prey availability and distribution.

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Forecast of Hourly Airport Visibility Based on Artificial Intelligence Methods

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos13010075 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Jin Ding ◽

Guoping Zhang ◽

Shudong Wang ◽

Bing Xue ◽

Jing Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Prediction Models ◽

Warm Season ◽

Northwest China ◽

Cold Season ◽

Central China ◽

The North ◽

Hourly Data ◽

Artificial Intelligence Algorithm ◽

Good Visibility

Based on the hourly visibility data, visibility and its changes during 2010–2020 at monthly and annual time scales over 47 international airports in China are investigated, and nine artificial-intelligence-based hourly visibility prediction models are trained (hourly data in 2018–2019) and tested (hourly data in 2020) at these airports. The analyses show that the visibility of airports in eastern and central China is at a poor level all year round, and LXA (in Lhasa) has good visibility all year round. Airports in south and the northwest China have better visibility from May to October and poorer visibility from November to April. In all months, the increasing visibility mainly occurs in the central, northeast and coastal areas of China, while decreasing visibility mainly appears in the western and northern parts of China. In spring, summer and autumn, the changes difference between east and west is particularly obvious. This East–West distribution of trends is obviously different from the North–South distribution shown by the mean. For all airports, good visibility mainly occurs from 14:00–18:00 p.m. Beijing Time, while poor visibility mainly concentrates from 22:00 p.m. to 12:00 p.m. the next day, especially between 3:00–9:00 a.m. Our proposed artificial intelligence algorithm models can be reasonably used in airport visibility prediction. In particular, most algorithm models have the best results in the visibility prediction over HFE (in Hefei) and SJW (in Shijiazhuang). On the contrary, the worst forecast results appear at LXA and LHW (in Lanzhou) airports. The prediction results of airport visibility in the cold season (October–December) are better than those in the warm season (May–September). Among the algorithm models, the prediction performance of the RF-based model is the best.

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Assessing the Efficacy of A Marine Reserve to Protect Sharks With Differential Habitat Use

10.21203/rs.3.rs-124555/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Cesar Peñaherrera-Palma ◽

Alistair Hobday ◽

Alex Hearn ◽

Eduardo Espinoza ◽

George Shillinger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Marine Reserve ◽

Warm Season ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Marine Species ◽

Cold Season ◽

Utilization Distribution ◽

The North ◽

South Central ◽

Central Regions ◽

Hammerhead Sharks

Abstract Spatial management through the implementation of marine protected areas is one strategy to limit the extraction of sensitive marine species. Understanding the area used by marine life is thus a key step towards the evaluation of the management framework and efficacy of a protected area. To provide information of the protective coverage of the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR), we assessed the habitat utilization distribution (UD) of hammerhead and blacktip sharks in the GMR. Fifteen hammerhead sharks and 27 blacktip sharks were tagged with SPOT and SPLASH satellite tags in the north and south-central regions of the GMR between 2007 and 2012. Our results show nearly 90% of hammerhead shark’s UD was enclosed by the reserve boundary during the cold season (June-October), yet this decreased to only ~30% with the advent of the warm season (December-April). Conversely, blacktip sharks’ UD was 100% enclosed by the reserve boundaries in all seasons. Season and depth were the most important environmental parameters defining the UD of hammerhead sharks; whilst year and eddy kinetic energy were the most important parameters for blacktip sharks. These findings suggest the size of the GMR may be effective for blacktip sharks but seasonally effective for hammerhead sharks.

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An anomalous atmospheric river linked to the late June 2021 western North America heatwave

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1125330/v1 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Ruping Mo ◽

Hai Lin ◽

Frédéric Vitart

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Water Vapour ◽

Warm Season ◽

Lower Troposphere ◽

Heavy Precipitation ◽

Cold Season ◽

Feedback Mechanism ◽

Western North America ◽

Water Vapour Flux ◽

The North

Abstract Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long and narrow bands of enhanced water vapour flux concentrated in the lower troposphere. Many studies have documented the important role of cold-season ARs in producing heavy precipitation and triggering extreme flooding in many parts of the world. However, relatively little research has been conducted on the warm-season ARs and their impacts on extreme heatwave development. Here we show an anomalous warm-season AR moving across the North Pacific and its interaction with the western North American heatwave in late June 2021. We call it an “oriental express’’ to highlight its capability to transport tropical moisture to the west coast of North America from sources in Southeast Asia. Its landfall over the Alaska Panhandle lasted for more than two days and resulted in significant spillover of moisture into western Canada. We provide evidence that the injected water vapour was trapped under the heat dome and may have formed a positive feedback mechanism to regulate the heatwave development in western North America.

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An 18-year climatology of derechos in Germany

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-20-1335-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 1335-1351 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Christoph P. Gatzen ◽

Andreas H. Fink ◽

David M. Schultz ◽

Joaquim G. Pinto

Keyword(s):

Mixed Layer ◽

Convective Available Potential Energy ◽

Vertical Wind Shear ◽

Warm Season ◽

The United States ◽

Cold Season ◽

Start Time ◽

Central Germany ◽

The North ◽

Wind Events

Abstract. Derechos are high-impact convective wind events that can cause fatalities and widespread losses. In this study, 40 derechos affecting Germany between 1997 and 2014 are analyzed to estimate the derecho risk. Similar to the United States, Germany is affected by two derecho types. The first, called warm-season-type derechos, form in strong southwesterly 500 hPa flow downstream of western European troughs and account for 22 of the 40 derechos. They have a peak occurrence in June and July. Warm-season-type derechos frequently start in the afternoon and move either eastward along the Alpine forelands or northeastward across southern central Germany. Associated proximity soundings indicate strong 0–6 and 0–3 km vertical wind shear and a median of mixed-layer convective available potential energy (mixed-layer CAPE) around 500 J kg−1. The second derecho type, the cold-season-type derecho, forms in strong northwesterly 500 hPa flow, frequently in association with mid-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) intrusions, and accounts for 18 of the 40 derechos. They are associated with a secondary peak from December to February. Cold-season-type derechos start over or close to the North Sea and primarily affect northern and central Germany; their start time is not strongly related to the peak of diurnal heating. Proximity soundings indicate high-shear–low-CAPE environments. A total of 15 warm-season-type and 9 cold-season-type derechos had wind gusts reaching 33 m s−1 in at least three locations. Although warm-season derechos are more frequent, the path length of cold-season-type derechos is on average 1.4 times longer. Thus, these two types of German derechos are likely to have similar impacts.

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Characteristics of extratropical cyclones and precursors to windstorms in Northern Europe

10.5194/wcd-2021-44 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Terhi K. Laurila ◽

Hilppa Gregow ◽

Joona Cornér ◽

Victoria A. Sinclair

Keyword(s):

Potential Temperature ◽

Storm Track ◽

Warm Season ◽

Cold Season ◽

Northern Europe ◽

Annual Number ◽

Extratropical Cyclones ◽

Maximum Wind ◽

The North ◽

Wind Gusts

Abstract. Extratropical cyclones play a major role in the atmospheric circulation, weather variability and can cause damage to society. Extratropical cyclones in Northern Europe, which is located at the end of the North Atlantic storm track, have been less studied than extratropical cyclones elsewhere. Our study investigates extratropical cyclones and windstorms in Northern Europe (which in this study covers Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia and parts of the Baltic, Norwegian and Barents Seas) by analysing their characteristics, spatial and temporal evolution and precursors. We examine cold and warm seasons separately to determine seasonal differences. We track all extratropical cyclones in Northern Europe, create cyclone composites and use an ensemble sensitivity method to analyse the precursors. The ensemble sensitivity analysis is a novel method in cyclone studies where linear regression is used to statistically identify what variables possibly influence the subsequent evolution of extratropical cyclones. We investigate windstorm precursors for both the minimum mean sea level pressure (MSLP) and for the maximum 10-m wind gusts. The annual number of extratropical cyclones and windstorms have a large inter-annual variability and no significant linear trends during 1980–2019. Windstorms originate and occur over the Barents and Norwegian Seas whereas weaker extratropical cyclones originate and occur over land areas in Northern Europe. During the windstorm evolution, the maximum wind gusts move from the warm sector to behind the cold front following the strongest pressure gradient. Windstorms in both seasons are located on the poleward side of the jet stream. The maximum wind gusts occur nearly at the same time than the minimum MSLP occurs. The cold season windstorms have higher sensitivities and thus are potentially better predictable than warm season windstorms, and the minimum MSLP has higher sensitivities than the maximum wind gusts. Of the four examined precursors, both the minimum MSLP and the maximum wind gusts are the most sensitive to the 850-hPa potential temperature anomaly i.e. the temperature gradient. Hence, this parameter is likely important when predicting windstorms in Northern Europe.

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Characteristics of extratropical cyclones and precursors to windstorms in northern Europe

Weather and Climate Dynamics ◽

10.5194/wcd-2-1111-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 1111-1130

Author(s):

Terhi K. Laurila ◽

Hilppa Gregow ◽

Joona Cornér ◽

Victoria A. Sinclair

Keyword(s):

Potential Temperature ◽

Storm Track ◽

Warm Season ◽

Cold Season ◽

Northern Europe ◽

Annual Number ◽

Extratropical Cyclones ◽

Maximum Wind ◽

The North ◽

Wind Gusts

Abstract. Extratropical cyclones play a major role in the atmospheric circulation and weather variability and can cause widespread damage and destruction. Extratropical cyclones in northern Europe, which is located at the end of the North Atlantic storm track, have been less studied than extratropical cyclones elsewhere. Our study investigates extratropical cyclones and windstorms in northern Europe (which in this study covers Norway; Sweden; Finland; Estonia; and parts of the Baltic, Norwegian, and Barents seas) by analysing their characteristics, spatial and temporal evolution, and precursors. We examine cold and warm seasons separately to determine seasonal differences. We track all extratropical cyclones in northern Europe, create cyclone composites, and use an ensemble sensitivity method to analyse the precursors. The ensemble sensitivity analysis is a novel method in cyclone studies where linear regression is used to statistically identify what variables possibly influence the subsequent evolution of extratropical cyclones. We investigate windstorm precursors for both the minimum mean sea level pressure (MSLP) and for the maximum 10 m wind gusts. The annual number of extratropical cyclones and windstorms has a large inter-annual variability and no significant linear trends during 1980–2019. Windstorms originate and occur over the Barents and Norwegian seas, whereas weaker extratropical cyclones originate and occur over land areas in northern Europe. During the windstorm evolution, the maximum wind gusts move from the warm sector to behind the cold front following the strongest pressure gradient. Windstorms in both seasons are located on the poleward side of the jet stream. The maximum wind gusts occur nearly at the same time as the minimum MSLP occurs. The cold-season windstorms have higher sensitivities and thus are potentially better predictable than warm-season windstorms, and the minimum MSLP has higher sensitivities than the maximum wind gusts. Of the four examined precursors, both the minimum MSLP and the maximum wind gusts are the most sensitive to the 850 hPa potential temperature anomaly, i.e. the temperature gradient. Hence, this parameter is likely important when predicting windstorms in northern Europe.

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Ice Nucleating Particles in Southern Chile and their connection to clouds

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7474 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Heike Wex ◽

Xianda Gong ◽

Boris Barja ◽

Patric Seifert ◽

Martin Radenz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Warm Season ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Chem Phys ◽

Cold Season ◽

Southern Chile ◽

Backscatter Coefficient ◽

Air Masses ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

Almost All

Concentrations of atmospheric ice nucleating particles (INP) were obtained from weekly filter samples which were collected from May 2019 until March 2020 in southern Chile. Sampling took place at an altitude of 620m above sea level, on top of Cerro Mirador, a mountain directly to the west of Punta Arenas (53&#176;S, 71&#176;W). Additional aerosol properties such as particle number size distributions were measured as well. In parallel, ground-based remote sensing measurements with lidar and cloud radar were made in Punta Arenas.INP concentrations were obtained from washing atmospheric aerosol particles off from deployed polycarbonate filters and subsequent analysis of the samples on two different freezing arrays which were used and described by us earlier (e.g., in Gong et al., 2019 and Hartmann et al., 2020). INP concentrations could be obtained over a broad temperature range from above -5&#176;C down to -25&#176;C.INP concentrations were clearly higher than data obtained for the Southern Ocean region as reported in McCluskey et al. (2018) and Welti et al. (2020). Indeed, they were comparable to concentrations measured at Cape Verde (Gong et al., 2020). INP concentrations obtained during the warm season were spreading over ~ 2 orders of magnitude at any temperature. Data obtained for the cold season almost all were at the upper end of the observed INP concentration range, with only one weekly sample featuring low concentrations.Heating of the samples was also applied, and the heated samples had clearly lower INP concentrations across the examined temperatures, implying a biological fraction among the INP of ~ 80%. Therefore, local terrestrial sources may be the source of the observed INP.The assumption of local terrestrial sources is strengthened by a case study. For that, two subsequent samples obtained during the cold season were examined in more detail. These were the one sample with low INP concentrations which was obtained during the cold season during the week from August 14 to August 22, and the subsequent sample collected from August 22 to August 29, which was amongst the highest samples. Backward trajectories together with an analysis of Lidar data showed that the low INP concentrations were obtained for a time during which air masses predominantly came in from the south with little contact to land and for calm weather conditions. Conditions were not as stable during the following week which featured air masses mostly coming in from the north-west. The aerosol backscatter coefficient at the height level of the in-situ measurements was obtained from lidar observations for both weeks and shows about 50 % lower aerosol load for the first week, when INP concentrations were low.All of this hints to local terrestrial sources for the observed highly ice active biogenic INP.&#160;Literature:Gong et al. (2019), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10883-10900, doi:10.5194/acp-19-10883-2019.Gong et al. (2020), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1451-1468, doi:10.5194/acp-20-1451-2020.Hartmann et al. (2020), Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, doi:10.1029/2020GL087770.McCluskey et al. (2018), Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, doi:10.1029/2018gl079981.Welti et a. (2020), Atmos. Chem. Phys. 20, doi:10.5194/acp-2020-466.

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An 18-year climatology of derechos in Germany

10.5194/nhess-2019-234 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Christoph P. Gatzen ◽

Andreas H. Fink ◽

David M. Schultz ◽

Joaquim G. Pinto

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

Mixed Layer ◽

Convective Available Potential Energy ◽

Vertical Wind Shear ◽

Warm Season ◽

The United States ◽

Cold Season ◽

Central Germany ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea

Abstract. Derechos are high-impact convective wind events that can cause fatalities and widespread losses. In this study, 40 derechos affecting Germany between 1997 and 2014 are analysed to estimate the derecho risk. Similar to the United States, Germany is affected by two derecho types. The first derecho type forms in south-westerly 500-hPa flow downstream of intense west-European troughs and accounts for 22 of the 40 derechos. These derechos are named warm-season type due to their peak occurrence in June and July. Warm-season type derechos frequently start over southwestern Germany in the afternoon and move either eastward along the Alpine forelands or north-eastward across southern central Germany. Only one warm-season derecho moved across the North Sea and one moved across the Baltic Sea in the 18-year period. Proximity soundings of German warm-season type derechos indicate strong deep-layer vertical wind shear with a median of 20 m s−1 0–6-km shear and mixed-layer Convective Available Potential Energy (mixed-layer CAPE) between 20 and 2600 J kg−1 with a median around 500 J kg−1. The second derecho type forms in north-westerly 500-hPa flow and accounts for 18 of the 40 derechos. These derechos form in strong north-westerly flow, frequently in association with mid-tropospheric PV intrusions. They are named cold-season type because they are associated with a secondary peak from December to February. Cold-season type derechos start over or close to the North Sea and primarily affect north and central Germany; their start time is not strongly related to the peak of diurnal heating. Proximity soundings indicate high-shear–low-CAPE environments with a median 0–6-km shear of 35 m s−1 and a median mixed-layer CAPE of 3 J kg−1. Environmental CAPE is zero in almost half of cold-season type proximity soundings. Fifteen warm-season type and nine cold-season type derechos had wind gusts reaching 33 m s−1 in at least at three locations. Although warm-season derechos are more frequent, the path length of cold-season type derechos is on average 1.4 times longer. Thus, these two types of German derechos are likely to have similar impacts.

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Spatial and Seasonal Variations in Aridification across Southwest North America

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-14-00852.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (12) ◽

pp. 4637-4649 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Shannon M. Jones ◽

David S. Gutzler

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

North America ◽

Warm Season ◽

Cold Season ◽

Base Flow ◽

First Century ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Southwest United States ◽

The North ◽

Twenty First Century

Abstract Southwestern North America (SWNA) is projected to become drier in the twenty-first century as both precipitation (P) and evaporation (E) rates change with increasing greenhouse gas concentration. The authors diagnose the relative contributions of changes in P and E to the local surface moisture balance (P − E) in cold and warm halves of the year across SWNA. Trends in P − E vary spatially between the arid southern subregion (mostly northern Mexico) and the more temperate northern subregion (southwest United States), although both subregions exhibit a negative trend in P − E (trending toward more arid conditions) in CMIP5 projections for the twenty-first century. The P − E trend is biggest in the cold season, when much of the base flow to rivers in the southwest United States is generated. The downward trend in cold season P − E across SWNA is caused primarily by increasing E in the north and decreasing P in the south. Decreasing P is the primary contributor to modest warm season drying trends in both northern and southern subregions. Also, P accounts for most of the interannual variability in SWNA P − E and is strongly correlated with modes of oceanic natural variability during the cold season. SWNA aridification is therefore most readily distinguished from the region’s large natural climate variability in the cold season in the northern subregion, where the projected temperature-driven increase in E is greater than the projected decrease in P.

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