scholarly journals Trajectories of Work Disability and Economic Insecurity Approaching Retirement

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 1200-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim M Shuey ◽  
Andrea E Willson
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Work Disability ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Economic Insecurity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Childhood Disadvantage ◽  
Late Midlife

Abstract Objectives In this article, we examine the connection between trajectories of work disability and economic precarity in late midlife. We conceptualize work disability as a possible mechanism linking early and later life economic disadvantage. Methods We model trajectories of work disability characterized by timing and stability for a cohort of Baby Boomers (22–32 in 1981) using 32 years of data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and latent class analysis. Measures of childhood disadvantage are included as predictors of work disability trajectories, which are subsequently included in logistic regression models predicting four economic outcomes (poverty, asset poverty, home ownership, and pension ownership) at ages 54–64. Results Childhood disadvantage selected individuals into five distinct classes of work disability that differed in timing and stability. All of the disability trajectories were associated with an increased risk of economic insecurity in late midlife compared to the never work disabled. Discussion This study contributes to the aging literature through its incorporation of the early life origins of pathways of disability and their links to economic outcomes approaching retirement. Findings suggest work disability is anchored in early life disadvantage and is associated with economic insecurity later in life.

scholarly journals Association between early bronchiolitis and the development of childhood asthma: a meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e043956
Author(s):  
Guizuo Wang ◽  
Dong Han ◽  
Zhengdong Jiang ◽  
Manxiang Li ◽  
Shumei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Registration Number

ObjectiveEarly life bronchiolitis has been hypothesised to be associated with the subsequent risk of persistent wheezing or asthma. However, the link remains controversial. The objective of our study was to evaluate the association between bronchiolitis before 2 years of age and the late-onset wheezing/asthma.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsPubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for studies published between 1955 and January 2020. Meanwhile, we also checked through the reference lists of relevant articles to see whether these references included reports of other studies that might be eligible for the review. Cohort and case–control studies assessing the association between early-life bronchiolitis and late-onset wheezing/asthma were included in this meta-analysis. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers. Results were pooled using a random-effects model or fixed-effects model according to the heterogeneity among studies.Results32 original articles with 292 844 participants, which met the criteria, were included in this meta-analysis. Bronchiolitis before 2 years of age was associated with an increased risk of subsequent wheezing/asthma (relative risk=2.46, 95% CI 2.14 to 2.82, p<0.001). After categorising studies into different groups based on age at the end of follow-up, geographical region and study quality, the association still remained significant.ConclusionsThe meta-analysis indicates an association between bronchiolitis before 2 years of age and the wheezing/asthma in later life. Well-designed and highly standardised prospective studies that better address bias due to potential confounding factors are needed to validate the risk identified in our meta-analysis.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018089453.

scholarly journals Epigenetics and DOHaD: from basics to birth and beyond

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bianco-Miotto ◽  
J. M. Craig ◽  
Y. P. Gasser ◽  
S. J. van Dijk ◽  
S. E. Ozanne
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Early Life Environment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Early Life Exposures

Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) is the study of how the early life environment can impact the risk of chronic diseases from childhood to adulthood and the mechanisms involved. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs are involved in mediating how early life environment impacts later health. This review is a summary of the Epigenetics and DOHaD workshop held at the 2016 DOHaD Society of Australia and New Zealand Conference. Our extensive knowledge of how the early life environment impacts later risk for chronic disease would not have been possible without animal models. In this review we highlight some animal model examples that demonstrate how an adverse early life exposure results in epigenetic and gene expression changes that may contribute to increased risk of chronic disease later in life. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease are chronic diseases with an increasing incidence due to the increased number of children and adults that are obese. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation have been shown to be associated with metabolic health measures and potentially predict future metabolic health status. Although more difficult to elucidate in humans, recent studies suggest that DNA methylation may be one of the epigenetic mechanisms that mediates the effects of early life exposures on later life risk of obesity and obesity related diseases. Finally, we discuss the role of the microbiome and how it is a new player in developmental programming and mediating early life exposures on later risk of chronic disease.

scholarly journals Epigenetic and Neurological Impairments Associated with Early Life Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Grova ◽  
Henri Schroeder ◽  
Jean-Luc Olivier ◽  
Jonathan D. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Persistent Organic Pollutants ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Organic Pollutant ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Individual

The incidence of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases worldwide has dramatically increased over the last decades. Although the aetiology remains uncertain, evidence is now growing that exposure to persistent organic pollutants during sensitive neurodevelopmental periods such as early life may be a strong risk factor, predisposing the individual to disease development later in life. Epidemiological studies have associated environmentally persistent organic pollutant exposure to brain disorders including neuropathies, cognitive, motor, and sensory impairments; neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In many ways, this expands the classical “Developmental Origins of Health and Disease” paradigm to include exposure to pollutants. This model has been refined over the years to give the current “three-hit” model that considers the individual’s genetic factors as a first “hit.” It has an immediate interaction with the early-life exposome (including persistent organic pollutants) that can be considered to be a second “hit.” Together, these first two “hits” produce a quiescent or latent phenotype, most probably encoded in the epigenome, which has become susceptible to a third environmental “hit” in later life. It is only after the third “hit” that the increased risk of disease symptoms is crystallised. However, if the individual is exposed to a different environment in later life, they would be expected to remain healthy. In this review, we examine the effect of exposure to persistent organic pollutants and particulate matters in early life and the relationship to subsequent neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. The roles of those environmental factors which may affect epigenetic DNA methylation and therefore influence normal neurodevelopment are then evaluated.

Food contaminants and programming of type 2 diabetes: recent findings from animal studies

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Firmin ◽  
N. Bahi-Jaber ◽  
L. Abdennebi-Najar
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Food Contaminants ◽  
Insulin Synthesis ◽  
Increased Risk

It is now accepted that the way our health evolves with aging is intimately linked to the quality of our early life. The present review highlights the emerging data of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease field on developmental disruption by toxicants and their subsequent effect on type 2 diabetes. We report adverse neonatal effects of several food contaminants during pregnancy and lactation, among them bisphenol A, chlorpyrifos, perfluorinated chemicals on pancreas integrity and functionality in later life. The described alterations, in conjunction with disruption of β cell mass in early life, can lead to dysregulation of glucose metabolism, insulin synthesis, which facilitates the development of insulin resistance and progression of diabetes in the adult. Despite limited and often inconclusive epidemiologic and experimental data, more recent data clearly show that infants appear to be at increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life. This may be a result of continued exposure to chemical food contaminants during the critical window of pancreas development. In societies already burdened with increased incidence of non-communicable chronic diseases, there is a clear need for information regarding the potential harmful effects of chemical food contaminants on adult health diseases.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION OF ATTITUDES WITH ECONOMIC WELL-BEING AND HEALTH: A FOUNDATION FOR PUBLIC POLICY

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S125-S125
Author(s):  
Sarah B Laditka ◽  
James N Laditka ◽  
Laura Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Work Disability ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Personal Efficacy ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Significant Patterns ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Economic Well Being

Abstract The 1960s War on Poverty was based on expectations that certain attitudes could improve health and economic well-being: aspiration and ambition, propensity to plan, personal efficacy, avoidance of unnecessary risk, connectedness to information and help, and trust. If true, promoting those attitudes might improve lives. The nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) developed scales to repeatedly measure associations of those attitudes with income and well-being. After five annual measurements, researchers found few associations. Acknowledging more data might be needed, researchers concluded that changing attitudes was unlikely to help. We studied those same associations using five decades of PSID measures on income and work disability, physical or “nervous” health problems limiting work (1968-present; n=5,027; 170,583 person-years; mean baseline age 34.2), with multinomial logistic Markov models and dynamic microsimulation, modelling three levels of each outcome plus death. We also examined persistence of the attitudes (measurement reliability). Results suggested the attitudes were persistent (intraclass correlations &gt; 0.87). Controlling for age, sex, race, education, and baseline income, attitudes were strongly associated with the outcomes. For example, with above-median baseline income, 19.4% in the top baseline self-efficacy quintile had incomes below 150% of poverty at age 70, compared with 27.0% in quintile 1 (p&lt;0.001). Similarly, 5.5% in the highest quintile reported severe work disability (could not work, or limited “a lot”) at age 70 compared to 23.7% in the lowest (p&lt;0.001). Other attitudes showed similar significant patterns. Attitudes in early- to mid-adulthood may contribute importantly to economic well-being and health throughout later life.

scholarly journals Early-Life Nutritional Programming of Health and Disease in The Gambia

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie E. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health And Disease

Background: Exposures during early life are increasingly being recognised as factors that play an important role in the aetiology of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The “Developmental Origins of Health and Disease” (DOHaD) hypothesis asserts that adverse early-life exposures - most notably unbalanced nutrition - leads to an increased risk for a range of NCDs and that disease risk is highest when there is a “mismatch” between the early- and later-life environments. Thus, the DOHaD hypothesis would predict highest risk in settings undergoing a rapid nutrition transition. Summary: We investigated the link between early-life nutritional exposures and long-term health in rural Gambia, West Africa. Using demographic data dating back to the 1940s, the follow-up of randomised controlled trials of nutritional supplementation in pregnancy, and the “experiment of nature” that seasonality in this region provides, we investigated the DOHaD hypothesis in a population with high rates of maternal and infant under-nutrition, a high burden from infectious disease, and an emerging risk of NCDs. Key Messages: Our work in rural Gambia suggests that in populations with high rates of under-nutrition in early life, the immune system may be sensitive to nutritional deficiencies early in life, resulting in a greater susceptibility to infection-related morbidity and mortality.

The lasting imprint of childhood disadvantage: cumulative histories of exposure to childhood adversity and trajectories of psychological distress in adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loanna S. Heidinger ◽  
Andrea E. Willson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Childhood Adversities ◽  
Childhood Disadvantage ◽  
The Life Course

This study contributes to the literature on the long-term effects of childhood disadvantage on mental health by estimating the association between patterns of cumulative childhood adversity on trajectories of psychological distress in adulthood. There is little research that investigates how compositional variations in the accumulation of childhood adversity may initiate distinct processes of disadvantage and differentially shape trajectories of psychological distress across the adult life course. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics’ Childhood Retrospective Circumstance Study and latent class analysis, we first identify distinct classes representing varied histories of exposure to childhood adversities using 25 indicators of adversity across multiple childhood domains. Next, the latent classes are included as predictors of trajectories of psychological distress in adulthood. The results demonstrate that patterns of experiences of childhood adversity are associated with higher levels of adult psychological distress that persists, and in some cases worsens, in adulthood, contributing to disparities in mental health across the life course.<br /><br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>Cumulative adversity during childhood has an enduring influence on adult psychological distress.</li><br /><li>Childhood adversities of various types and severities tend to co-occur, which is important for measures of cumulative childhood adversity to consider.</li><br /><li>Childhood adversity increases adult psychological distress, contributing to disparities in mental health across the life course.</li></ul>

scholarly journals Early life characteristics, social mobility during childhood and risk of stroke in later life: findings from a Swedish cohort

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Heshmati ◽  
M. Pia Chaparro ◽  
Anna Goodman ◽  
Ilona Koupil
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Haemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
National Patient ◽  
Study Population

Aims: To investigate if early life characteristics and social mobility during childhood are associated with incident thrombotic stroke (TS), haemorrhagic stroke (HS) and other stroke (OS). Methods: Our study population consists of all live births at Uppsala University Hospital in 1915–1929 (Uppsala Birth Cohort; n = 14,192), of whom 5532 males and 5061 females were singleton births and lived in Sweden in 1964. We followed them from 1 January 1964 until first diagnosis of stroke (in the National Patient Register or Causes of Death Register), emigration, death, or until 31 December 2008. Data were analysed using Cox regression, stratifying by gender. Results: Gestational age was negatively associated with TS and OS in women only. Women had increased risk of TS if they were born early preterm (<35 weeks) (HR 1.54 (95% CI 1.02–2.31)) or preterm (35–36 weeks) (HR 1.37 (95% CI 1.03–1.83)) compared to women born at term. By contrast, only women who were early preterm (HR 1.98 (95% CI 1.27–3.10) had an increased risk of OS. Men who were born post-term (⩾42 weeks) had increased risk of HS (HR 1.45 (95% CI 1.04–2.01)) compared with men born at term, with no association for women. TS was associated with social mobility during childhood in women: women whose families were upwardly or downwardly mobile had increased risk of TS compared to women who were always advantaged during childhood. Conclusions: Gestational age and social mobility during childhood were associated with increased risk of stroke later in life, particularly among women, but there was some heterogeneity between stroke subtypes.

Association between the Great China Famine exposure in early life and risk of arthritis in adulthood

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 790-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenghe Wang ◽  
Zhiyong Zou ◽  
Bin Dong ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
Luke Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Nutrition Intervention ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Famine Exposure ◽  
Stratified Analysis

BackgroundThe association between famine exposure in early life and risk of arthritis (combination of osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis) in adulthood is unclear. The aim of this study is to explore the association.MethodsA total of 4124 subjects were selected from the national data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2011–2012. Doctor-diagnosed arthritis was self-reported in participants’ questionnaire. Birthdates were used to categorise participants into famine-exposed and non-exposed groups. Logistic regression model was used to explore the association of famine exposure in early life with the risk of arthritis in adulthood.ResultsThe prevalence of arthritis in both infant-exposed and preschool-exposed groups was significantly higher than those in the non-exposed group (35.0% and 30.6% vs 27.3%; p<0.05). Compared with the non-exposed group, the infant-exposed group showed a significantly elevated risk of arthritis in adulthood after adjusting for confounding factors (OR=1.65; 95% CI 1.29 to 2.11; p<0.001). In the stratified analysis, we found that participants who lived in severely affected areas (OR=1.91; 95% CI 1.41 to 2.59; p<0.001), who are female (OR=2.21; 95% CI 1.57 to 3.11; p<0.001) and those with a body mass index ≥24.0 kg/m2 (OR=2.46; 95% CI 1.70 to 3.55; p<0.001) in the infant-exposed group had increased risk of arthritis in adulthood. Similar results were additionally observed when age-balanced control group was used.ConclusionGreat China Famine exposure in infancy may be associated with an elevated risk of arthritis in adulthood, particularly in women and participants with adiposity. These findings suggest nutrition intervention in infancy and weight control in later life may reduce the risk of arthritis in adulthood.

scholarly journals Developmental Programming of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Effect of Early Life Nutrition on Susceptibility and Disease Severity in Later Life

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minglan Li ◽  
Clare M. Reynolds ◽  
Stephanie A. Segovia ◽  
Clint Gray ◽  
Mark H. Vickers
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Developmental Programming ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Increased Risk

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is fast becoming the most common liver disease globally and parallels rising obesity rates. The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis have linked alterations in the early life environment to an increased risk of metabolic disorders in later life. Altered early life nutrition, in addition to increasing risk for the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in offspring, is now associated with an increased risk for the development of NAFLD. This review summarizes emerging research on the developmental programming of NAFLD by both maternal obesity and undernutrition with a particular focus on the possible mechanisms underlying the development of hepatic dysfunction and potential strategies for intervention.

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