scholarly journals The Enduring Strength of Biology and Gender: Care for Aging Parents Among Adult Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 908-908
Author(s):  
Sarah Patterson ◽  
Robert Schoeni ◽  
Vicki Freedman ◽  
Judith Seltzer
Keyword(s):  
Adult Children ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Filial Obligation ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Aging Parents ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Family complexity in the form of step-relationships are increasing across cohorts. Filial obligation, or the social norm that adult children should care for aging parents, are generally weaker in stepfamilies. Further, gender continues to be a main axis of stratification of who provides care within families. Taken together, we test whether biological versus step ties, the gender of the adult child, and the interaction between these two factors are associated with helping aging parents (ages 65 and older) with functional or health limitation based care needs. We use Round 5 (2015) of the National Health and Aging Trends Study. Results illustrate the enduring strength of both biological and gendered ties, with biological daughters being the most likely to help an aging parent, followed by biological sons, step-daughters, and lastly step-sons. This pattern holds even when we control for important characteristics of both the adult child and the care receiver. As families become more complex, these findings could mean that gaps in unmet care needs will emerge, especially for older adults who only have stepchildren.

The Experience of Adult Children Caregiving for Aging Parents

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-98
Author(s):  
Kimberly Conway
Keyword(s):  
Adult Children ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Loved One ◽  
Aging Parents ◽  
Child Caregivers ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological ◽  
Caregiver Group

When the normal progression of life for an aging person is interrupted by a decline in physical and or mental abilities, adult children are often suddenly faced with assuming care of their parent(s). Currently, adult child caregivers of aging parents work up to 100 hours per month at caregiving. Most existing literature is focused on informal caregivers, which can consist of spouses, relatives, and friends’ caregiving for persons with debilitating illnesses. Despite the amount of time dedicated to parental caregiving, little is known about the experience of this exclusive caregiver group. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the experience of adult children caregiving for aging parents at any stage of health. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used to interview six daughters and one daughter-in-law. Themes were identified and presented through the use of narratives and poetry. The participants expressed they felt unprepared for caregiving and their culture had a direct impact on the expectations of caregiving. A myriad of unpleasant emotions and loss were voiced, yet their outlooks remained extremely positive. The overall health of adult child caregivers needs to be supported to prepare them for what lies ahead with caregiving. Caregivers report their loved one(s) required several hospitalizations, which lead to performing medical/nursing tasks at home. Nursing then has a unique opportunity during discharge preparation, to identify those who need community, state, and faith-based services. Replication is needed to address the limitation of the number of participants, ethnic, and gender diversity.

Le rivolte francesi del novembre 2005 nei titoli di ventuno quotidiani italiani. Ricostruzione dei processi rappresentazionali attraverso un'analisi lessicografica

2009 ◽  
pp. 31-58
Author(s):  
Alesssndra Areni ◽  
Gilda Sensales ◽  
Angela Angelastro
Keyword(s):  
Social Representations ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Differential Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Textual Data ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Scree Test

- The tradition of the social representations is the framework of research that is part of a wider project focused on the role of mass media, as part of cultural system, and on processes of anchorage and labelling involved to define the events under observation. We studied the social representations of French riots of November 2005 on headlines of 21 Italian daily newspapers with different cultural and ideological orientation. The aims of research, of comparative character, were the exploration: of consistence of results emerged in previous investigations, and of role played from newspapers and from temporal distance by the events 1) on structural organization of representational field, related to lexicon of headlines, and 2) on differential characterization of the lexicon of headlines 2a) of 21 newspapers and 2b) of two periods, more or less near to the beginning of events. The population, composed by 468 headlines, was collected by October 30 to November 18, 2005. The textual data, related to words of headlines, and the extra-textual data, related to newspapers, to period of publication (I and II week), to signature and sex of journalists, have been processed by different steps of statistical package SPAD-T. According to the scree-test were extracted two factors able to explain 20.40% of total variance. Through the intersection between the two factors we analyzed the factorial plan that, by providing the information more synthetic and exhaustive as possible, highlighted the existence of four areas otherwise characterized by the newspapers, by the two weeks and by the signature and gender of journalists. The differential analysis of lexicographical characterization of each of the 21 newspapers and of two periods, allowed the confirmation and deepening of what emerged in the structural analysis. Overall results showed the non-neutrality of language used by the headlines. It was functional to ideological and cultural profile of source, to its geographical area of reference and to temporal distance from origin of events. Furthermore results showed processes of anchorage and la- beling referable to need to preserve and strengthen specific groupal identity of the source.

scholarly journals Revisiting Intergenerational Contact and Relationship Quality in Later Life: Parental Characteristics Matter

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
Hye Won Chai ◽  
Steven H. Zarit ◽  
Karen L. Fingerman
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Aging Parents ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Middle Aged Adult ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

Contact and relationship quality between adult children and aging parents are two widely used indicators of intergenerational solidarity and are often assumed to be positively correlated. However, the association between the two may depend on characteristics of the parent involved. Using Family Exchanges Study Wave 1, this study assessed whether parental difficulties—measured as functional limitations and life problems—and gender moderated the associations between middle-aged adults’ contact and relationship quality with their parents. We found that more frequent email or phone contact was associated with worse relationship quality for fathers who had functional limitations. For life problems, however, more contact was not related to relationship quality for fathers with life problems. The associations did not differ by mother’s difficulties. These results suggest that frequent contact between middle-aged adult children and aging parents does not uniformly reflect better relationship quality but rather depends on parents’ characteristics.

scholarly journals 試析西方倫理學中的孝養義務

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-128
Author(s):  
Hanhui XU
Keyword(s):  
Adult Children ◽  
Psychological Support ◽  
Moral Duty ◽  
Western Tradition ◽  
Filial Obligation ◽  
The West ◽  
Aging Parents ◽  
Critical Response ◽  
Filial Obligations ◽  
Parent Child Relationships

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 在西方倫理學中，孝養義務是指（成年）子女對父母尤其是對年邁父母所具有的提供保障、照料、陪伴及滿足其他合理需求的道德責任。與之相關的理論有感恩理論、友誼理論和特殊善理論。對於親子關係的模式、孝養義務的來源、孝養義務的具體要求、以及孝養義務何時能夠結束等問題，三種理論給出了各不相同的回答。本文嘗試探討這三種理論，並對其各自存在的問題給出批評和可能的回應。 In the Western tradition, filial obligation dictates that adult children have a moral duty to provide financial and psychological support to their aging parents. In addition, children are required to meet their parents' “reasonable demands” under given circumstances. There are three accounts of filial obligations that provide specific answers to questions concerning parent-child relationships, such as on what grounds and when filial obligation is encouraged and required. In this paper, the author explores the idea of filial obligation in the West and offers a critical response to the issues involved.

scholarly journals Residential care and care to community-dwelling parents: out-selection, in-selection and diffusion of responsibility

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1609-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
THIJS VAN DEN BROEK ◽  
PEARL A. DYKSTRA
Keyword(s):  
Residential Care ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Selection Hypothesis ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Of Responsibility ◽  
Parent Child

ABSTRACTResearch suggests that adult children are less likely to provide care to community-dwelling parents when beds in residential care settings are more widely available. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Drawing on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) on 1,214 impaired parent–child dyads from 12 countries, we find that adult children are less likely to provide care in countries where beds in residential care settings are more widely available because (a) parents’ care needs are less severe in such countries (out-selection hypothesis) and (b) adult children and impaired parents are less likely to share a household in such countries (in-selection hypothesis). Finally (c), after taking these two factors into account, adult children remain less likely to provide care in countries where beds in residential care settings are more widely available (diffusion of responsibility hypothesis). Plausibly, being able to rely on residential care undermines adult children's sense of urgency to step in and provide care to their parents.

THE FIRST COMMANDMENT WITH A PROMISE: RECENT AMERICAN PREACHING ON “HONOR YOUR FATHER AND YOUR MOTHER”

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-182
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Long
Keyword(s):  
Adult Children ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Aging Parents ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Baby Boomer Generation ◽  
Care For The Elderly ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Social Authority ◽  
The Social

AbstractChristian sermons characteristically result from the interaction of a biblical text and the social and cultural contexts in which the sermon is created and into which it is spoken. In this regard, biblical texts are understood not as containers of unchanging truth but as fields of meaning capable of yielding different insights in each new context, and sermons constitute oral performances of these insights. As a test case, American Christian sermons based upon the so-called fifth commandment (“Honor your father and your mother …”) were examined from two time periods: 1960–1980 and 2000–present. In the earlier period, a time of anxiety about changing norms of social authority, the sermons typically presented the fifth commandment as addressed to young children, calling them to obey their parents. In the later period, a time when the large baby boomer generation is increasingly assuming care for aging parents, the sermons typically presented the fifth commandment as addressed not to youth but rather to adults charged with the responsibility to care for the elderly. While understanding the fifth commandment as addressed to adult children is probably closer to the original meaning of the text, both audiences for the commandment (adult children and youthful children) are within the field of meaning of the text and, indeed, both understandings find expression elsewhere in scripture.

scholarly journals There at Any Distance? Geographic Proximity and the Presence of Adult Children in Older People’s’ Confidant Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 512-512
Author(s):  
Markus Schafer ◽  
Haosen Sun
Keyword(s):  
Adult Children ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Core Network ◽  
Geographic Proximity ◽  
Aging Parents ◽  
Intergenerational Ties ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Living Adult

Abstract Adult children are key members of their aging parents’ close social network, often providing emotional and advisory supports. Still, adult children are not a guaranteed presence in older people’s core discussion networks. Geographical distance is a leading explanation for why some children are excluded from the confidant network, but we hypothesize that certain parent- and dyadic-level factors make these intergenerational ties more resilient to distance. Using wave six of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, we identified whether a living adult child was also a member of the parent’s egocentric confidant network. We modeled the effect of the child (Level 1) and parent (Level 2) characteristics on the exclusion of a child from the core network using hierarchical logit models. We found that fifty-eight percent of children were excluded from a parent’s network. Parents were more likely to exclude those who lived more than 25 km compared to children who lived within 5 km. The impact of distance was exacerbated among parents who were older, partnered, or had four or more children. Parents with higher education and good computer skills were less sensitive to longer distances when listing a child as a confidant. Finally, parents who had confidants outside of the nuclear family and who lived in Northern Europe were less likely to exclude a child over 100 km from their confidant network. Together, results indicate that a number of demographic factors and personal and social resources contribute to the elasticity of parent-child ties across long distances.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF AMBIVALENCE ON WELL-BEING OF AGING PARENTS WHO HAVE A DISABLED CHILD: MULTILEVEL MEDIATION APPROACH

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S37-S38
Author(s):  
Eun Ha Namkung
Keyword(s):  
Adult Children ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Aging Parents ◽  
Adults With Disabilities

Abstract According to the family systems theory, strains from parenting an adult with disabilities may spillover to parents’ relationships with their other children and disrupt family dynamics and their well-being in later life. This study examined whether parental ambivalence toward their non-disabled children is greater in families of adults with disabilities [developmental disabilities (DD) or serious mental illnesses (SMI)] than families without an adult child with disabilities. The study also investigated whether ambivalence mediates the associations of having an adult child with DD or SMI on parents’ health. Data were from the 2011 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study in which aging parents (Mage = 71; n = 6,084) were asked about their relationship with each of their adult children. Multilevel regression models and multilevel structural equation models (MSEM) were estimated to analyze the data. Our findings showed that parents of an adult with SMI felt greater ambivalence toward their non-disabled adult children than comparison group parents of adults without disabilities, whereas no significant differences were found between parents of an adult with DD and comparison group parents. Parental ambivalence toward their non-disabled adult children played a significant indirect role in the negative association between having a child with SMI and parental physical and mental health, after adjusting for parent- and child-characteristics associated with parental health and/or ambivalence. The findings have implications for clinical practice with aging families of adults with disabilities and suggest the need for additional research to better understand intergenerational dynamics in these families.

scholarly journals Intimacy and Intergenerational Relations in Rural China

Sociology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1034-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieyu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Adult Children ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Intergenerational Relations ◽  
Intimate Relationship ◽  
And Gender

This article applies the concept of intimacy to examine relationships between adult children and their parents in rural China – an area which has been predominantly located in an obligatory framework. I reveal a qualitative difference in support between relationships built on intimate ties and those bound by duty and obligation. A unilateral emphasis on obligation-based relationships can deprive both the parent and adult child generations of agency and autonomy, which can be disempowering for both. The complex relations between intimacy and obligation are the product of local socio-economic circumstances and gender norms. Although traditional patrilineal and patrilocal culture excludes married daughters from the filial discourse surrounding their own parents, they are often considered to have the most intimate relationship with their parents. Paradoxically, the practices of intimacy between aged parents and their married daughters strengthen the natal ties that facilitate modifications to patrilocal and patrilineal customs.

Trans Theory and Gender Identity in Education

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alden Jones
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Binary ◽  
The Social ◽  
Educational Spaces ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Binary Gender

Trans theory is a set of ideas, tools, contestations, divergences, and investments in gender(s) in and beyond the gender binary of male and female as it is understood in Western contexts. Gender identity is, in part, an individual’s gendered sense of self. Both transgender theory and gender identity are implicated by and concerned with education given the relative (in)visibility of transgressive or variant genders. Educational spaces are concerned with gender since they are one of many socializing and normalizing structures that seek to instill binary genders. Trans theory and gender identity are understood in educational spaces as additive to the social norm of binary gender, though both the theory and the concept ultimately elucidate the need for a reexamination of what gender is and what it does, as well as to and for whom.

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