scholarly journals Plasmodium vivax from Duffy-Negative and Duffy-Positive Individuals Shares Similar Gene Pool in East Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kepple ◽  
Alfred Hubbard ◽  
Musab M Ali ◽  
Beka R Abargero ◽  
Karen Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax Malaria ◽  
Genetic Clusters ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Duffy Negative

Abstract Plasmodium vivax malaria was thought to be rare in Africa, but an increasing number of P. vivax cases reported across Africa and in Duffy-negative individuals challenges this conventional dogma. The genetic characteristics of P. vivax in Duffy-negative infections, the transmission of P. vivax in East Africa, and the impact of environments on transmission remain largely unknown. This study examined genetic and transmission features of P. vivax from 107 Duffy-negative and 305 Duffy-positive individuals in Ethiopia and Sudan. No clear genetic differentiation was found in P. vivax between the two Duffy groups, indicating between-host transmission. P. vivax from Ethiopia and Sudan showed similar genetic clusters, except samples from Khartoum, possibly due to distance and road density that inhibited parasite gene flow. This study is the first to show that P. vivax can transmit to and from Duffy-negative individuals and provides critical insights into the spread of P. vivax in sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Imported Plasmodium vivax Malaria in the Russian Federation from Western Sub-Saharan Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Baranova ◽  
Vladimir Sergiev ◽  
Lola Morozova ◽  
Natalia Turbabina ◽  
Evgeny Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The Past ◽  
African People ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax Malaria ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background. Imported cases of Plasmodium vivax malaria from western Africa are reported annually in the Russian Federation. Infected native African people moving from western Africa for different purposes (students, businessmen, specialists, etc.) or Russian citizens (tourists, diplomats, businessmen, etc.) incubate the pathogen until reaching their Russian destination. Methods. All imported and other confirmed malaria cases and the associated Plasmodium species recorded over the past twenty years throughout the Russian Federation were inventoried. These data were included in the national register. The data of imported malaria cases were analysed according to the species of Plasmodium, case origin, dates of importation, and patient nationality. Results. A total of 267 P. vivax-infected patients who contracted the disease in western Africa were diagnosed in the Russian Federation from 1984 to 2017. Among them, 3 cases had mixed infections (2 with P. vivax + P. falciparum and 1 P. vivax + P. ovale). Conclusion. Our data reveal an existing risk of contracting P. vivax infections in towns of West sub-Saharan Africa despite the absence of local P. vivax infection records.

scholarly journals The genomic epidemiology of multi-drug resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella causing invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Se Eun Park ◽  
Duy Thanh Pham ◽  
Gi Deok Pak ◽  
Ursula Panzner ◽  
Ligia Maria Cruz Espinoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
West African ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Gyra Gene ◽  
Multi Centre Study ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

Background: Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) is one of the leading causes of bacteraemia in sub-Saharan Africa. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) and further resistance to third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones have emerged in multiple iNTS serotypes. Molecular epidemiological investigations of nontyphoidal Salmonella are needed to better understand the genetic characteristics and transmission dynamics associated with major MDR iNTS serotypes across the continent. Methods: A total of 166 nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates causing invasive disease were collected from a multi-centre study in eight African countries between 2010 and 2014, and whole-genome sequenced to investigate the geographical distribution, antimicrobial genetic determinants and population structure of iNTS serotypes-genotypes. Phylogeographical reconstruction was further conducted in context of the existing genomic framework of iNTS serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Population-based incidence of MDR-iNTS disease was also estimated. Results: Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) sequence-type (ST) 313 and Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) ST11 were predominant, and both exhibited high frequencies of MDR. Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serotype Dublin (S. Dublin) ST10 emerged in West Africa. Mutations in the gyrA gene were identified in S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium in Ghana; and ST313 carrying blaCTX-M-15 was found in Kenya. Inter-country transmission of MDR ST313 lineage II and the West African Clade of MDR ST11 between Ghana and neighbouring countries including Mali, Burkina Faso, and Nigeria were evident. The incidence of MDR-iNTS disease exceeded 100/100,000-person years-of-observation (PYO) in children aged <5 years in several West African countries. Conclusions: Multiple MDR iNTS serotypes-sequence types, predominantly S. Typhimurium ST313 and S. Enteritidis ST11, are co-circulating in sub-Saharan Africa with evidence of transmission between West African countries. The development of safe and effective iNTS vaccines coupled with appropriate antimicrobial stewardship and adequate epidemiological monitoring are essential to limit the impact of these pathogens in Africa.

scholarly journals Genomic Analysis of Plasmodium vivax in Southern Ethiopia Reveals Selective Pressures in Multiple Parasite Mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (11) ◽  
pp. 1738-1749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Auburn ◽  
Sisay Getachew ◽  
Richard D Pearson ◽  
Roberto Amato ◽  
Olivo Miotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance Transporter ◽  
Negative Trait ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Duffy Negative

Abstract The Horn of Africa harbors the largest reservoir of Plasmodium vivax in the continent. Most of sub-Saharan Africa has remained relatively vivax-free due to a high prevalence of the human Duffy-negative trait, but the emergence of strains able to invade Duffy-negative reticulocytes poses a major public health threat. We undertook the first population genomic investigation of P. vivax from the region, comparing the genomes of 24 Ethiopian isolates against data from Southeast Asia to identify important local adaptions. The prevalence of the Duffy binding protein amplification in Ethiopia was 79%, potentially reflecting adaptation to Duffy negativity. There was also evidence of selection in a region upstream of the chloroquine resistance transporter, a putative chloroquine-resistance determinant. Strong signals of selection were observed in genes involved in immune evasion and regulation of gene expression, highlighting the need for a multifaceted intervention approach to combat P. vivax in the region.

scholarly journals The genomic epidemiology of multi-drug resistant invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in selected sub-Saharan African countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. e005659
Author(s):  
Se Eun Park ◽  
Duy Thanh Pham ◽  
Gi Deok Pak ◽  
Ursula Panzner ◽  
Ligia Maria Cruz Espinoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Population Based ◽  
West African ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundInvasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) is one of the leading causes of bacteraemia in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to provide a better understanding of the genetic characteristics and transmission patterns associated with multi-drug resistant (MDR) iNTS serovars across the continent.MethodsA total of 166 iNTS isolates collected from a multi-centre surveillance in 10 African countries (2010–2014) and a fever study in Ghana (2007–2009) were genome sequenced to investigate the geographical distribution, antimicrobial genetic determinants and population structure of iNTS serotypes–genotypes. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in the context of the existing genomic frameworks for various iNTS serovars. Population-based incidence of MDR-iNTS disease was estimated in each study site.ResultsSalmonella Typhimurium sequence-type (ST) 313 and Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 were predominant, and both exhibited high frequencies of MDR; Salmonella Dublin ST10 was identified in West Africa only. Mutations in the gyrA gene (fluoroquinolone resistance) were identified in S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium in Ghana; an ST313 isolate carrying blaCTX-M-15 was found in Kenya. International transmission of MDR ST313 (lineage II) and MDR ST11 (West African clade) was observed between Ghana and neighbouring West African countries. The incidence of MDR-iNTS disease exceeded 100/100 000 person-years-of-observation in children aged <5 years in several West African countries.ConclusionsWe identified the circulation of multiple MDR iNTS serovar STs in the sampled sub-Saharan African countries. Investment in the development and deployment of iNTS vaccines coupled with intensified antimicrobial resistance surveillance are essential to limit the impact of these pathogens in Africa.

scholarly journals Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale in the Malaria Elimination Agenda in Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac K. Quaye ◽  
Larysa Aleksenko
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Roll Back Malaria ◽  
Plasmodium Ovale ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Roll Back ◽  
Duffy Negative ◽  
A Current

In recent times, several countries in sub-Saharan Africa have reported cases of Plasmodium vivax (Pv) with a considerable number being Duffy negative. Current efforts at malaria elimination are focused solely on Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) excluding non-falciparum malaria. Pv and Plasmodium ovale (Po) have hypnozoite forms that can serve as reservoirs of infection and sustain transmission. The burden of these parasites in Africa seems to be more than acknowledged, playing roles in migrant and autochthonous infections. Considering that elimination and eradication is a current aim for WHO and Roll Back Malaria (RBM), the inclusion of Pv and Po in the elimination agenda cannot be over-emphasized. The biology of Pv and Po are such that the same elimination strategies as are used for Pf cannot be applied so, going forward, new approaches will be required to attain elimination and eradication targets.

Conflicts in Biafra, Katanga and Cabinda as a result of the geopolitical legacy of colonialism

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 238-246
Author(s):  
Olga Dzhenchakova
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

The article considers the impact of the colonial past of some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and its effect on their development during the post-colonial period. The negative consequences of the geopolitical legacy of colonialism are shown on the example of three countries: Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Angola, expressed in the emergence of conflicts in these countries based on ethno-cultural, religious and socio-economic contradictions. At the same time, the focus is made on the economic factor and the consequences of the consumer policy of the former metropolises pursuing their mercantile interests were mixed.

scholarly journals The impact and cost‐effectiveness of community‐basedHIVself‐testing in sub‐Saharan Africa: a health economic and modelling analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
pp. e25243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Cambiano ◽  
Cheryl C Johnson ◽  
Karin Hatzold ◽  
Fern Terris‐Prestholt ◽  
Hendy Maheswaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Economic ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Modelling Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Fanconi Bickel syndrome: clinical phenotypes and genetics in a cohort of Sudanese children

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salwa A. Musa ◽  
Areej A. Ibrahim ◽  
Samar S. Hassan ◽  
Matthew B Johnson ◽  
Asmahan T. Basheer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Novel Mutation ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Neonatal Diabetes ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasound ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background Fanconi-Bickel syndrome (FBS) is a rare condition of carbohydrate metabolism, caused by a recessive defect in the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT2 encoded by the SLC2A2 gene and characterized by a wide spectrum of phenotypical features. There is a paucity of reported data on FBS from Sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we describe the clinical, biochemical and genetic characteristics of our patients with FBS from Sudan, a country with a high consanguinity rate. Patients & methods Eleven patients from ten unrelated Sudanese families were included. Clinical & biochemical data were documented and imaging studies done including bone survey and abdominal ultrasound. Liver biopsy was done to confirm the pathological diagnosis in 45% of cases and molecular genetics was performed through contribution with the Exeter genomics laboratory for ten patients. Results Reported consanguinity was 70% among our patients. Growth was significantly impaired at presentation with mean weights of (-5.3 ± 1.8) SD and heights (-5.4 ± 2.5) SD. Severe chest deformity was present in (27%) and all patients showed features of rickets at presentation. Three patients had neonatal diabetes requiring insulin therapy of which one has been reported before. Six families lost undiagnosed siblings with similar clinical presentations. We identified a total of four homozygous pathogenic SLC2A2 variants in our patients, one of whom had a novel mutation. Conclusions FBS is not uncommon in Sudan where there is a high rate of consanguinity. Many cases are likely missed because of variable presentation and lack of public and professionals’ awareness. This is the first series to describe this condition from Sub-Saharan Africa.

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