AbstractAmphotericin B provides improved therapy for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani, with single dose liposomal-encapsulated Ambisome providing the best cure rates. The VL elimination program aims to reduce the incidence rate in the Indian subcontinent to <1/10,000 population/year. Ability to predict which asymptomatic individuals (e.g. anti-leishmanial IgG and/or Leishmania-specific modified Quantiferon positive) will progress to clinical VL would help in monitoring disease outbreaks. Here we examined whole blood transcriptional profiles associated with asymptomatic infection, active disease, and in treated cases. Two independent microarray experiments were performed, with analysis focussed primarily on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) concordant across both experiments. No DEGs were identified for IgG or Quantiferon positive asymptomatic groups compared to negative healthy endemic controls. We therefore concentrated on comparing concordant DEGs from active cases with all healthy controls, and in examining differences in the transcriptome following different regimens of drug treatment. In these comparisons 6 major themes emerged: (i) expression of genes and enrichment of gene sets associated with erythrocyte function in active cases; (ii) strong evidence for enrichment of gene sets involved in cell cycle in comparing active cases with healthy controls; (iii) identification of IFNG encoding interferon-γ as the major hub gene in concordant gene expression patterns across experiments comparing active cases with healthy controls or with treated cases; (iv) enrichment for interleukin signalling (IL-1/3/4/6/7/8) and a prominent role for CXCL10/9/11 and chemokine signalling pathways in comparing active cases with treated cases; (v) the novel identification of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor signalling as a significant canonical pathway when comparing active cases with healthy controls or with treated cases; and (vi) global expression profiling support for more effective cure at day 30 post-treatment with a single dose of liposomal encapsulated amphotericin B compared to multi-dose non-liposomal amphotericin B treatment over 30 days.Author SummaryVisceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a potentially fatal disease caused by intracellular parasites of the Leishmania donovani species complex. VL is a serious public health problem in rural India, causing high morbidity and mortality, as well as major costs to local and national health budgets. Amphotericin B provides improved therapy for VL with single dose liposomal-encapsulated Ambisome, now affordable through WHO-negotiated price reductions, providing the best cure rates. The VL elimination program aims to reduce the incidence rate in the Indian subcontinent to <1/10,000 population/year. By assessing immune responses to parasites in people infected with L. donovani, but with different clinical status, we can determine the requirements for immune cell development and predict which asymptomatic individuals, for example healthy individuals with high anti-leishmanial antibody levels, will progress to clinical VL. This will help in monitoring disease outbreaks. In this study we looked at global gene expression patterns in whole blood to try to understand more about asymptomatic infection, active VL, and the progress to cure in cases treated with single or multi-dose amphotericin B. The signatures of gene expression identified aid in our understanding of disease pathogenesis and provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention in the future.
Genetic Markers for SSG Resistance in Leishmania donovani and SSG Treatment Failure in Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients of the Indian Subcontinent