scholarly journals Socio-economic and behavioural risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis in the East Champaran district of Bihar

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navin Kumar ◽  
T. B. Singh ◽  
L. P. Meena
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Behavioural Risk Factors ◽  
Study Results

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic and potentially fatal parasitic disease of the viscera which affect the organs due to infection by Leishmania donovani. Visceral Leismaniasis, also known as Kala-Azar (KA) in the Indian subcontinent. The worldwide incidence is estimated to be between 146,700 and 282,800 cases per year. In India, it is endemic in the states Bihar and it contains more than 90 % of the cases of VL.In this region, Leishmania donovani is the only species causing VL. Objective: To find out the socio-economic and behavioural risk factors of VL in East Champaran district of Bihar. Methods: A case-control study was conducted to understand the socio-economic and behavioural risk factors associated with VL in areas of East Champaran district of Bihar, India. A total of 100 VL cases and 100 healthy controls selected randomly from the neighbourhoods of cases were included in the study. Results: The risk factors identified were showed that presence of a granary inside houses (P=0.000), sunlight inside the living room (P=0.000), banana trees near the houses (P=0.003), presence of domestic animal in the house (P=0.044), people sleep near the animal (P=0.000) and drainage system (P=0.000) were risk factors of VL.Conclusions: These results will be useful for further improvement in the VL control programs for intervention strategies in respect of separate granary house other than the living house, presence of sunlight inside the living rooms, banana trees far from the houses, separate domestic shelter for reducing transmission and incidence of this disease.

scholarly journals Relapse after Treatment with Miltefosine for Visceral Leishmaniasis Is Associated with Increased Infectivity of the Infecting Leishmania donovani Strain

mBio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keshav Rai ◽  
Bart Cuypers ◽  
Narayan Raj Bhattarai ◽  
Surendra Uranw ◽  
Maya Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Relapse Rate ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Current View ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Kala Azar

ABSTRACTLeishmania donovaniis an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes leishmaniasis, which can range from a self-healing cutaneous disease to a fatal visceral disease depending on the infecting species. Miltefosine is currently the latest and only oral antileishmanial that came out of drug discovery pipelines in the past few decades, but recent reports indicate a significant decline in its efficacy against visceral leishmaniasis (also known as kala-azar) in the Indian subcontinent. This relapse rate of up to 20% within 12 months after treatment was shown not to be related to reinfection, drug quality, drug exposure, or drug-resistant parasites. We therefore aimed to assess other phenotypes of the parasite that may affect treatment outcome and found a significant association between the number of metacyclic parasites, parasite infectivity, and patient treatment outcome in the Indian subcontinent. Together with previous studies on resistance ofL. donovaniagainst pentavalent antimonials, these data suggest that the infectivity of the parasite, or related phenotypes, might be a more determinant factor for treatment failure in visceral leishmaniasis than drug susceptibility, warranting a reassessment of our current view on treatment failure and drug resistance in leishmaniasis and beyond.IMPORTANCEThe high miltefosine relapse rate poses a major challenge for the current Kala-Azar Elimination Program in the Indian subcontinent and other leishmaniasis control programs worldwide. This relapse rate could not be related to reinfection, drug-resistant parasites, or reduced treatment quality. Here we report that an increased infectivity of the parasite is associated with miltefosine relapse of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients. These results supplement those obtained with antimonial-resistantL. donovaniwhere an increased infectivity was also observed. This challenges the current view ofLeishmaniadrug susceptibility being the biggest parasitic factor that contributes to treatment failure in leishmaniasis. These selected more infectious parasites may pose an additional burden to leishmaniasis control programs, highlighting the importance of multifaceted control measures to achieve leishmaniasis elimination in the Indian subcontinent and other regions where leishmaniasis is endemic.

scholarly journals Impact of sequelae of visceral leishmaniasis and their contribution to ongoing transmission of Leishmania donovani

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm S Duthie ◽  
Yasuyuki Goto ◽  
Prakash Ghosh ◽  
Dinesh Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
New Treatments

ABSTRACT Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Old World is caused by infection with Leishmania donovani. Although the numbers of new reported cases of VL in Africa have been relatively stable for several years, the low numbers currently reported on the Indian subcontinent suggest a positive impact of new treatments and intervention strategies. In both regions, however, VL relapse and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) maintain infectious reservoirs and therefore present a threat to control programs. In this review, we outline the evolving appreciation of PKDL as an impactful disease in its own right and discuss the various diagnostic methods that can be applied for the detection and characterization of PKDL cases. We also highlight the data that indicate the potential, and likely contribution, of PKDL cases to ongoing transmission of L. donovani.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Visceral Leishmaniasis and Asymptomatic Leishmania donovani Infection in India and Nepal

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e87641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Picado ◽  
Bart Ostyn ◽  
Shri Prakash Singh ◽  
Surendra Uranw ◽  
Epco Hasker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani

scholarly journals Visceral leishmaniasis in southeastern Nepal: A cross-sectional survey on Leishmania donovani infection and its risk factors

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1792-1799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Schenkel ◽  
Suman Rijal ◽  
Siddhartha Koirala ◽  
Shekhar Koirala ◽  
Veerle Vanlerberghe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

Preliminary survey of domestic animal visceral leishmaniasis and risk factors in north-west Ethiopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambaye Kenubih ◽  
Shimelis Dagnachew ◽  
Gizat Almaw ◽  
Tamerat Abebe ◽  
Yegnasew Takele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
North West ◽  
North West Ethiopia

scholarly journals Genetic Markers for SSG Resistance in Leishmania donovani and SSG Treatment Failure in Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients of the Indian Subcontinent

2012 ◽  
Vol 206 (5) ◽  
pp. 752-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manu Vanaerschot ◽  
Saskia Decuypere ◽  
Tim Downing ◽  
Hideo Imamura ◽  
Olivia Stark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Indian Subcontinent

scholarly journals Genetics, Transcriptomics and Meta-Taxonomics in Visceral Leishmaniasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenefer M. Blackwell ◽  
Michaela Fakiola ◽  
Om Prakash Singh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Single Nucleotide Variants

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex can be fatal in susceptible individuals. Understanding the interactions between host and pathogen is one way to obtain leads to develop better drugs and for vaccine development. In recent years multiple omics-based approaches have assisted researchers to gain a more global picture of this interaction in leishmaniasis. Here we review results from studies using three omics-based approaches to study VL caused by L. donovani in India: (i) chip-based analysis of single nucleotide variants in the first genome-wide association study of host genetic risk factors for VL, followed by analysis of epitope binding to HLA DRB1 risk versus protective alleles; (ii) transcriptional profiling demonstrating pathways important in Amphotericin B treated compared to active VL cases, including demonstration that anti-interleukin-10 unleashes a storm of chemokines and cytokines in whole blood responses to soluble leishmania antigen in active cases; and (iii) a meta-taxonomic approach based on sequencing amplicons derived from regions of 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) and 18S rRNA genes that allowed us to determine composition of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic gut microflora in VL cases compared to endemic controls. Overall, our omics-based approaches demonstrate that global analyses of genetic risk factors, host responses to infection, and the interaction between host, parasite and the microbiome can point to the most critical factors that determine the outcome of infection

scholarly journals Evolutionary genomics of epidemic visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Imamura ◽  
Tim Downing ◽  
Frederik Van den Broeck ◽  
Mandy J Sanders ◽  
Suman Rijal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Evolutionary Genomics ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Distinct Population ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Base Pair Insertion

Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the second most deadly vector-borne parasitic disease. A recent epidemic in the Indian subcontinent (ISC) caused up to 80% of global VL and over 30,000 deaths per year. Resistance against antimonial drugs has probably been a contributing factor in the persistence of this epidemic. Here we use whole genome sequences from 204 clinical isolates to track the evolution and epidemiology of L. donovani from the ISC. We identify independent radiations that have emerged since a bottleneck coincident with 1960s DDT spraying campaigns. A genetically distinct population frequently resistant to antimonials has a two base-pair insertion in the aquaglyceroporin gene LdAQP1 that prevents the transport of trivalent antimonials. We find evidence of genetic exchange between ISC populations, and show that the mutation in LdAQP1 has spread by recombination. Our results reveal the complexity of L. donovani evolution in the ISC in response to drug treatment.

A Computational Molecular Docking Studies on the Tryparedoxin Peroxidase of Leishmania donovani responsible for visceral leishmaniasis in human

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagar Bhowmik ◽  
Md. Shamim Akhter
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Drug Design ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Rational Drug Design ◽  
The Future ◽  
Tryparedoxin Peroxidase

Objective: Hydroperoxide metabolism involving trypanothione, key for the survival of Leishmania, is a validated target for rational drug design. In this study, we aim in silico drug design by targeting tryparedoxin peroxidase (2-Cysperoxiredoxin type) from Leishmania donovani (LdTXNPx) using clioquinol, nelfinavir, and strychnobiflavone as mother compound. Clioquinol, nelfinavir are known for their anti-leishmanial activity and strychnobiflavone showed antileishmanial activity against Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania infantum amastigotes and promastigotes recently Background: Visceral leishmaniasis, the most lethal form of Leishmaniasis, is caused by Leishmania donovani in the Indian subcontinent and East Africa. Current therapeutics for the disease are associated with a risk of high toxicity and development of drug-resistant strains. Thus, the discovery of potential targets, successful inhibitors and improved drug distribution mechanisms for leishmaniasis diagnosis has become a focus Methods: On this basis, we constructed protein structure using homology modeling, molecular docking of protein with potential drug candidates, interaction analysis and pharmacophore analysis conducted in this study Results: We have revealed two compounds i.e. Nelfinavir mesylate and strychnobiflavone which have desired characteristics in the future drugs for Visceral leishmaniasis Conclusion: Consistently in the future, we will ratify the efficacy of these compounds, essential animal and clinical trials are needed to be performed. We believe that our present study will help to find efficient and effective therapy for treating Visceral leishmaniasis in humans

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document