scholarly journals Patterns of body shape diversity and evolution in intertidal and subtidal lineages of combtooth blennies (Blenniidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua P Egan ◽  
Thaddaeus J Buser ◽  
Michael D Burns ◽  
Andrew M Simons ◽  
Peter J Hundt
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Environmental Filtering ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Microhabitat Use ◽  
Tidal Zone ◽  
Intertidal Zones ◽  
Size Diversity ◽  
Intertidal Habitats ◽  
Body Shapes

Abstract Marine intertidal zones can be hasher and more dynamic than bordering subtidal zones, with extreme and temporally variable turbulence, water velocity, salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen levels. Contrasting environmental conditions and ecological opportunities in subtidal versus intertidal habitats may generate differing patterns of morphological diversity. In this study we used phylogenetic comparative methods, measurements of body length, and two-dimensional landmarks to characterize body shape and size diversity in combtooth blennies (Ovalentaria: Blenniidae) and test for differences in morphological diversity between intertidal, subtidal, and supralittoral zones. We found that subtidal combtooth blennies have significantly higher body shape disparity and occupy a region of morphospace three times larger than intertidal lineages. The intertidal morphospace was almost entirely contained within the subtidal morphospace, showing that intertidal combtooth blennies did not evolve unique body shapes. We found no significant differences in body size disparity between tidal zones, no correlations between body shape and tidal zone or body size and tidal zone, and no body shape convergence associated with tidal zone. Our findings suggest that a subset of combtooth blenny body shapes are suitable for life in both subtidal and intertidal habitats. Many species in regions of morphospace unique to subtidal combtooth blennies exhibit distinct microhabitat use, which suggests subtidal environments promoted morphological diversification via evolutionary microhabitat transitions. In contrast, limited intertidal body shape diversity may be due to strong selective pressures that constrained body shape evolution and environmental filtering that prevented colonization of intertidal zones by certain subtidal body shapes.

scholarly journals The effect of locomotion mode on body shape evolution in teleost fishes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah T Friedman ◽  
Samantha A Price ◽  
Peter C Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Swimming Mode ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Teleost fishes vary in their reliance on median and paired fins (MPF) or undulation of the body (BCF) to generate thrust during straight-line, steady swimming. Previous work indicates that swimming mode is associated with different body shapes, though this has never been empirically demonstrated across the diversity of fishes. As the body does not play as active a mechanical role in steady swimming by MPF swimmers, this may relax constraints and spur higher rates of body shape diversification. We test these predictions by measuring the impact of the dominant steady swimming mode on the evolution of body shape across 2,295 marine teleost fishes. Aligning with historical expectations, BCF swimmers exhibit a more elongate, slender body shape, while MPF propulsion is associated with deeper and wider body shapes. However, in contrast to expectations, we find that BCF propulsion is associated with higher morphological diversity and greater variance around trait optima. This surprising result is consistent with the interpretation that stronger functional trade-offs stimulate phenotypic evolution, rather than constrain it.

scholarly journals SmartFit: Smartphone Application for Garment Fit Detection

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Kamrul H. Foysal ◽  
Hyo Jung Chang ◽  
Francine Bruess ◽  
Jo Woon Chong
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Shape Detection ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Apparel Shopping ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Clothing Fit ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
Garment Fit

The apparel e-commerce industry is growing day by day. In recent times, consumers are particularly interested in an easy and time-saving way of online apparel shopping. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has generated more need for an effective and convenient online shopping solution for consumers. However, online shopping, particularly online apparel shopping, has several challenges for consumers. These issues include sizing, fit, return, and cost concerns. Especially, the fit issue is one of the cardinal factors causing hesitance and drawback in online apparel purchases. The conventional method of clothing fit detection based on body shapes relies upon manual body measurements. Since no convenient and easy-to-use method has been proposed for body shape detection, we propose an interactive smartphone application, “SmartFit”, that will provide the optimal fitting clothing recommendation to the consumer by detecting their body shape. This optimal recommendation is provided by using image processing and machine learning that are solely dependent on smartphone images. Our preliminary assessment of the developed model shows an accuracy of 87.50% for body shape detection, producing a promising solution to the fit detection problem persisting in the digital apparel market.

Larval morphology predicts geographical dispersal range of Eastern Pacific eels

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E Dale ◽  
M Timothy Tinker ◽  
Rita S Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
Adult Morphology ◽  
Adult Habitat ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

Abstract The geographical range of many marine species is strongly influenced by the dispersal potential of propagules such as eggs and larvae. Here, we investigate morphological diversity and the effect of body shape on geographical range of leptocephali, the unique, laterally compressed larvae of eels (order Anguilliformes). We used phylogenetically informed analyses to examine the morphological variation of larvae for 17 Eastern Pacific eel species from three adult habitats. We also investigated whether morphological traits of leptocephali could predict larval latitudinal range, hypothesizing that body shape may influence passive dispersal via currents. We found that no two species shared the same multivariate growth trajectories, with the size and scaling of pectoral fin length and snout-to-anus length being particularly variable. Larvae with longer relative predorsal and snout-to-anus lengths at median sizes exhibited wider larval geographical ranges. Body aspect ratio and maximum body length at metamorphosis, two traits we hypothesized to be important for passive transport, were not significant predictors of maximal larval range. We discovered an increase in phylogenetic signal over larval development as eels approach metamorphosis, potentially due to similar selective pressures between related species (such as juvenile habitat or adult morphology). Lastly, we conclude that larval body shape is probably influenced by adult habitat and adult morphology.

scholarly journals Ontogeny of body size and shape of Antarctic and subantarctic fur seals

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1275-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián P. Luque ◽  
Edward H. Miller ◽  
John P.Y. Arnould ◽  
Magaly Chambellant ◽  
Christophe Guinet
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Fur Seal ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Lactation Duration

Pre- and post-weaning functional demands on body size and shape of mammals are often in conflict, especially in species where weaning involves a change of habitat. Compared with long lactations, brief lactations are expected to be associated with fast rates of development and attainment of adult traits. We describe allometry and growth for several morphological traits in two closely related fur seal species with large differences in lactation duration at a sympatric site. Longitudinal data were collected from Antarctic ( Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875); 120 d lactation) and subantarctic ( Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray, 1872); 300 d lactation) fur seals. Body mass was similar in neonates of both species, but A. gazella neonates were longer, less voluminous, and had larger foreflippers. The species were similar in rate of preweaning growth in body mass, but growth rates of linear variables were faster for A. gazella pups. Consequently, neonatal differences in body shape increased over lactation, and A. gazella pups approached adult body shape faster than did A. tropicalis pups. Our results indicate that preweaning growth is associated with significant changes in body shape, involving the acquisition of a longer, more slender body with larger foreflippers in A. gazella. These differences suggest that A. gazella pups are physically more mature at approximately 100 d of age (close to weaning age) than A. tropicalis pups of the same age.

scholarly journals Effects Of Combinations Of Patternmaking Methods And Dress Forms On Garment Appearance

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinami Fujii ◽  
Masayuki Takatera ◽  
KyoungOk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Front Side ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Sensory Evaluations ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractWe investigated the effects of the combinations of patternmaking methods and dress forms on the appearance of a garment. Six upper garments were made using three patternmaking methods used in France, Italy, and Japan, and two dress forms made in Japan and France. The patterns and the appearances of the garments were compared using geometrical measurements. Sensory evaluations of the differences in garment appearance and fit on each dress form were also carried out. In the patterns, the positions of bust and waist darts were different. The waist dart length, bust dart length, and positions of the bust top were different depending on the patternmaking method, even when the same dress form was used. This was a result of differences in the measurements used and the calculation methods employed for other dimensions. This was because the ideal body shape was different for each patternmaking method. Even for garments produced for the same dress form, the appearances of the shoulder, bust, and waist from the front, side, and back views were different depending on the patternmaking method. As a result of the sensory evaluation, it was also found that the bust and waist shapes of the garments were different depending on the combination of patternmaking method and dress form. Therefore, to obtain a garment with better appearance, it is necessary to understand the effects of the combinations of patternmaking methods and body shapes.

First estimates of genome size in ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) using flow cytometry and Feulgen image analysis densitometry

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 847-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Mulligan ◽  
Terra C. Hiebert ◽  
Nicholas W. Jeffery ◽  
T. Ryan Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Size Diversity ◽  
Size Estimates

Ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) are among several animal groups that have been overlooked in past studies of genome-size diversity. Here, we report genome-size estimates for eight species of nemerteans, including representatives of the major lineages in the phylum. Genome sizes in these species ranged more than fivefold, and there was some indication of a positive relationship with body size. Somatic endopolyploidy also appears to be common in these animals. Importantly, this study demonstrates that both of the most common methods of genome-size estimation (flow cytometry and Feulgen image analysis densitometry) can be used to assess genome size in ribbon worms, thereby facilitating additional efforts to investigate patterns of variability in nuclear DNA content in this phylum.

scholarly journals Habitat partitioning, habits and convergence among coastal nektonic fish species from the São Sebastião Channel, southeastern Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Zaniolo Gibran
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Divergent Evolution ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Ecological Performance ◽  
Intimate Link

Based on a fish survey and preliminary underwater observations, 17 "morphotypes" were identified that characterize the morphological diversity found within 27 nektonic fish species sampled at São Sebastião Channel. Such "morphotypes" were studied using an ecomorphological approach, with the intention to investigate similarities and differences in shape and habits. Underwater field observations were also performed, to verify if the lifestyle of these species, such as vertical occupation of the water column and the habitat use, are in accordance with their distribution in the morphospace. The results, complemented with data from scientific literature on the taxonomy and phylogenies of these species, allowed discussing some of the typical cases of convergent and divergent evolution. Some of the ecomorphological clusters had no phylogenetic support although this is probably due to the environmental conditions in which theirs members have evolved. The body shape and fins positions of a fish clearly influence its ecological performance and habitat use, corroborating the ecomorphological hypothesis on the intimate link between phenotype and ecology.

Body shapes and apparel fit for overweight and obese women in the US: the implications of current sizing system

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eonyou Shin ◽  
Elahe Saeidi
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Sizing System ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
Apparel Fit

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to categorize the whole body shapes of overweight and obese females in the US and examine apparel fit based on the current ASTM sizing standards related to the body shapes categorized.Design/methodology/approachBody scan data from 2,672 subjects were used. To categorize their whole body shapes using 97 body measurements, principal component analysis with varimax rotation, a hierarchical cluster analysis and K-means cluster analysis were used. To compare the ASTM sizing standards for plus sizes (curvy and straight) and missy sizes (curvy and straight), five body parts (bust, under bust, waist, top hip, hip) using the formula for fit tolerance (measurement plus half of the interval) were compared with the ASTM sizing standards to determine the size appropriate for each body part.FindingsFive whole body shapes among overweight and obese females in the US were categorized: Rectangle-curvy; parallelogram-moderately curvy; parallelogram-hip tilt; inverted trapezoid-moderately curvy and inverted trapezoid-hip tilt. When the body measurements in each body shape were compared with the current ASTM sizing systems for both misses and plus sizes, four-fifths or more of overweight and obese female adults in the US would find it difficult to obtain a perfect fit for both tops and bottoms.Originality/valueIdentifying whole body shapes among overweight and obese women in the US contributes significantly, as it will help apparel companies that target the markets of larger women develop a new sizing system. This study is the first attempt to analyze fit by comparing the ASTM sizing charts with body measurements in each body shape group. Further, the study contributes to the body-related literature by filling gaps in missing whole BS categories among overweight and obese females.

The Influence of Flight on Patterns of Body Size Diversity and Heritability

2015 ◽  
pp. 187-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felisa A. Smith ◽  
S. Kathleen Lyons ◽  
Kate E. Jones ◽  
Brian A. Maurer ◽  
James H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Size Diversity

scholarly journals Exquisitely Preserved Fossil Snakes of Messel: Insight into the Evolution, Biogeography, Habitat Preferences and Sensory Ecology of Early Boas

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustín Scanferla ◽  
Krister T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
New World ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Sensory Ecology ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Upper Jaw ◽  
Spectrum Evaluation ◽  
Insight Into

Our knowledge of early evolution of snakes is improving, but all that we can infer about the evolution of modern clades of snakes such as boas (Booidea) is still based on isolated bones. Here, we resolve the phylogenetic relationships of Eoconstrictor fischeri comb. nov. and other booids from the early-middle Eocene of Messel (Germany), the best-known fossil snake assemblage yet discovered. Our combined analyses demonstrate an affinity of Eoconstrictor with Neotropical boas, thus entailing a South America-to-Europe dispersal event. Other booid species from Messel are related to different New World clades, reinforcing the cosmopolitan nature of the Messel booid fauna. Our analyses indicate that Eoconstrictor was a terrestrial, medium- to large-bodied snake that bore labial pit organs in the upper jaw, the earliest evidence that the visual system in snakes incorporated the infrared spectrum. Evaluation of the known palaeobiology of Eoconstrictor provides no evidence that pit organs played a role in the predator–prey relations of this stem boid. At the same time, the morphological diversity of Messel booids reflects the occupation of several terrestrial macrohabitats, and even in the earliest booid community the relation between pit organs and body size is similar to that seen in booids today.

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