The Dark Side of Cooperation: International Organizations and Member Corruption

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1108-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie M Hafner-Burton ◽  
Christina J Schneider
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Political Corruption ◽  
Cheap Talk ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
The World ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Political corruption is rampant in—and destructive to—many parts of the world. A growing number of international organizations (IOs) claim to address the problem by encouraging good governance norms and rules, such as anti-corruption standards and practices. Whether membership in IOs dampens corruption, however, is unclear. Our central argument is that the characteristics of IO membership determine both whether corruption is tolerated and the extent to which formal anti-corruption rules effectively combat the problem. First, groups of corrupt states are reticent to enforce good governance norms or rules against other IO members, rendering punishment for corruption incredible. Second, leaders may witness the value of corruption to their IO peers and learn to act the same way. Using a variety of data sources and estimation strategies, including new data on IO anti-corruption mandates, we demonstrate that: (1) countries that participate in member-corrupted IOs are significantly more likely to engage in corruption themselves—and experience an increase in corruption over time—than are countries that participate in less corrupt IOs; and (2) this tolerance for corruption occurs even within IOs that have adopted formal anti-corruption mandates, rendering good governance rules largely cheap talk among organizations governed by corrupt principles.

scholarly journals International Organizations in Education: New Takes on Old Paradigms

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-161
Author(s):  
Dennis Niemann
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Global Education ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Discourse ◽  
Education Discourse ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIn Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-78885-8_5, Dennis Niemann analyzes international organizations (IOs) and their education ideas. Different ideological paradigms dominated the global education discourse at different periods. Fundamentally, they revolve around two poles of an economic utilitarian view on education and on an interpretation that emphasizes the social and cultural value of education. Both leitmotifs were influenced by general developments in world politics, and they were also reflected within IOs. Niemann analyzes how global education IOs, specifically the World Bank, the OECD, UNESCO, and the ILO, influenced the global discourse on education. First, he argues that within the IOs, the antipodal views on education became more complementary over time. Second, he demonstrates the pattern of interaction between the IOs has also changed from competition to cooperation.

scholarly journals Chopping the world into bits: Africa, the World Bank, and the good governance norm

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
World Bank ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

This article explores norms as idealizations, in an attempt to grasp their significance as projects for international organizations. We can think about norms as ‘standards of proper behaviour’. In this sense they are somehow natural, things to be taken for granted, noticed only really when they are absent. We can also think about norms as ‘understandings about what is good and appropriate’. In this sense, norms embody a stronger sense of virtue and an ability to enable progress or improvement. Norms become ideal when they are able to conflate what is good with what is appropriate, standard, or proper. It is when the good becomes ‘natural’ that a norm appears immanent and non-contestable, and so acquires an idealized form.45Along with the other articles in this special issue, I will attempt to challenge some of the complacency surrounding the apparent naturalness and universality of norms employed in international relations.

Eligibility to Use the Fund's Facilities for Concessional Financing, 2015

Policy Papers ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (33) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Additional Data ◽  
Market Access ◽  
The Self ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Country Specific ◽  
The Imf

The review of PRGT eligibility continues to be guided by the principles of maintaining a transparent, rules-based, and parsimonious framework—ensuring uniformity of treatment across members in similar situations while taking appropriate account of country-specific circumstances. The graduation policy seeks to maintain broad alignment with the World Bank’s IDA graduation practices, while also remaining consistent with the principle of ensuring the self-sustainability of the PRGT’s lending capacity over time. The paper concludes that the existing framework remains broadly appropriate, but could be enhanced in a few areas, including: Making use of additional data sources, namely the IMF BEL database, in assessing that a country has durable and substantial market access, supplementing the current reliance on the World Bank’s IDS database that is produced with a significant lag; Sharpening the specification of circumstances under which the presence of serious short-term vulnerabilities would justify non-graduation of a country that meets the income graduation criterion. This would entail limiting the application of the serious short-term vulnerabilities criterion for countries that exceed the applicable income graduation threshold by 50 percent or more.

The Politics of Aspiration

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-769
Author(s):  
Martha Finnemore ◽  
Michelle Jurkovich
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Activism ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Essential Work ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Core Features

Abstract Aspiration is an essential component of politics. It articulates goals, affirms identities and values, and structures action at all levels of social life. Yet political scientists have spent little time theorizing aspiration—what it is, how it relates to other concepts, and the kinds of effects it creates. In this article, we develop the concept theoretically and argue that aspiration creates a distinct “aspirational politics” that differs from our international relations models of both norm-driven social activism and interest-driven rational choice. We identify three core features of aspiration that undergird its theoretical utility: lofty goals, change over time, and transformation through imagination. In the hands of skilled political actors, aspiration does essential work in both facilitating agreement and mobilizing social action that create change in the world. However, aspiration also has a dark side and can be manipulated to dodge accountability, postpone action, and serve private, rather than public, goals.

scholarly journals Signals from the World of Economics. The Price Constant and the Democratic Issue

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Giovanni Antonio COSSIGA
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
General Information ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Health State ◽  
Unstable System ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
The World ◽  
General Program ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

Economic systems are tending naturally to stability. This trend is crucial to give meaning to those signals coming from the economy. First, the basic inflation that when is close to 2% becomes constant and independent from the economic movement. This value is certifying that the economic system is stable over time. Because of its independence from the economy movement, the basic constant price close to 2% is rather a messenger of the good relationship between social development and the environment. Otherwise, in an unstable system, price dynamics are highly influenced by the economic movement. For this subordination, therefore, on the price scale are placed the values - lower or higher than the constant value close to 2% - which are expressing the system instability. Inflation or deflation are explicit messages that the unstable system transmits to institutions, companies and families to report the deviation from the stability path. To report the health state and the environment compatibility, the natural system sends explicit but also implicit messages, which are generally perceivable by the community within a territory or area. According to this approach, we should admit that the community has a correct general information on the economy state and its deviation. On the other hand, thanks to a collective intuition that is oriented by the stability tendency of economic systems and by the general information perceived about the economy state, the community seems able to select the general program for a good governance. It follows that the democratic model is playing a role when confirming the good governance with its program, in the case of economics moving in almost stable conditions.

Globalization and interconfessional communications

2001 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Serhii Viktorovych Svystunov
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The World ◽  
Target Set ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Rapid Appearance

In the 21st century, the world became a sign of globalization: global conflicts, global disasters, global economy, global Internet, etc. The Polish researcher Casimir Zhigulsky defines globalization as a kind of process, that is, the target set of characteristic changes that develop over time and occur in the modern world. These changes in general are reduced to mutual rapprochement, reduction of distances, the rapid appearance of a large number of different connections, contacts, exchanges, and to increase the dependence of society in almost all spheres of his life from what is happening in other, often very remote regions of the world.

Platform for Analysing and Encouraging Student Activity on Contest and E-learning Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 85-98
Author(s):  
Bojan Kostadinov ◽  
Mile Jovanov ◽  
Emil STANKOV
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Educational Policy ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Student Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Analyse Data

Data collection and machine learning are changing the world. Whether it is medicine, sports or education, companies and institutions are investing a lot of time and money in systems that gather, process and analyse data. Likewise, to improve competitiveness, a lot of countries are making changes to their educational policy by supporting STEM disciplines. Therefore, it’s important to put effort into using various data sources to help students succeed in STEM. In this paper, we present a platform that can analyse student’s activity on various contest and e-learning systems, combine and process the data, and then present it in various ways that are easy to understand. This in turn enables teachers and organizers to recognize talented and hardworking students, identify issues, and/or motivate students to practice and work on areas where they’re weaker.

The Values and Norms of Islam

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Ahmed Akgunduz
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Simple Fact ◽  
Value System ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Islamic Legal Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIslamic Law is one of the broadest and most comprehensive systems of legislation in the world. It was applied, through various schools of thought, from one end of the Muslim world to the other. It also had a great impact on other nations and cultures. We will focus in this article on values and norms in Islamic law. The value system of Islam is immutable and does not tolerate change over time for the simple fact that human nature does not change. The basic values and needs (which can be called maṣlaḥa) are classified hierarchically into three levels: (1) necessities (Ḍarūriyyāt), (2) convenience (Ḥājiyyāt), and (3) refinements (Kamāliyyāt=Taḥsīniyyāt). In Islamic legal theory (Uṣūl al‐fiqh) the general aim of legislation is to realize values through protecting and guaranteeing their necessities (al-Ḍarūriyyāt) as well as stressing their importance (al‐ Ḥājiyyāt) and their refinements (taḥsīniyyāt).In the second part of this article we will draw attention to Islamic norms. Islam has paid great attention to norms that protect basic values. We cannot explain all the Islamic norms that relate to basic values, but we will classify them categorically. We will focus on four kinds of norms: 1) norms (rules) concerned with belief (I’tiqādiyyāt), 2) norms (rules) concerned with law (ʿAmaliyyāt); 3) general legal norms (Qawā‘id al‐ Kulliyya al‐Fiqhiyya); 4) norms (rules) concerned with ethics (Wijdāniyyāt = Aḵlāqiyyāt = Ādāb = social and moral norms).

Groundwater storage in Africa

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabin Archambault
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Effective Porosity ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
British Geological Survey ◽  
Full List ◽  
The World ◽  
Storage Type ◽  
Porosity Range ◽  
Aquifer Flow

This 5 km resolution grid presents groundwater storage in Africa (in mm). This parameter was estimated by combining the saturated aquifer thickness and effective porosity of aquifers across Africa. For each aquifer flow/storage type an effective porosity range was assigned based on a series of studies across Africa and surrogates in other parts of the world. Groundwater storage is given in millimeters. Detailed description of the methodology, and a full list of data sources used to develop the layer can be found in the peer-reviewed paper available here: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024009/pdf The raster and a high resolution PDF file are available for download on the website of British Geological Survey (BGS): http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/groundwater/international/africanGroundwater/mapsDownload.html Groundwater Storage

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