scholarly journals 210 Effects of D-methionine compared with L-methionine on N retention, gut morphology and antioxidant status of weaned pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 73-73
Author(s):  
John K Htoo ◽  
John Mathai ◽  
Laia Blavi ◽  
Yanhong Liu ◽  
Caroline González-Vega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Jejunal Mucosa ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
N Retention

Abstract A N-balance study was conducted to compare the effect of D-methionine (D-Met) or L-methionine (L-Met) supplementation on N balance, gut morphology and antioxidant status of weaned pigs. Fifty-six weaned barrows (10.5 ± 1.2 kg initial BW) were allotted to 7 diets in 2 blocks. A Met-deficient basal diet (BD; 0.24% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Met) but adequate in other AA, was supplemented with 3 graded levels (0.036, 0.072, and 0.108%) of D-Met or L-Met. After a 7-d adaptation, feces and urine were collected quantitatively for 5 d to determine N balance. At the completion of the experiment, blood samples were collected from all pigs. Pigs fed the BD and pigs fed the highest level of SID Met (0.34%) of both Met sources were euthanized and tissue samples from liver, kidney, muscle (longissimus dorsi), duodenal and jejunal mucosa were collected. N retention as % of N intake increased (P < 0.001; 67, 72, 73, 74, 71, 74, 74%, respectively) by graded supplemental level of D-Met or L-Met. However, there was no interaction between Met source and supplemental level for all N-balance metrics. Using a slope-ratio regression, the bioavailability of D-Met relative to L-Met was 100.1% (95% confidence intervals: 85-116%) based on N retention (% of N intake). Villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum were not affected by Met sources. Pigs fed the D-Met diet had a greater (P < 0.05) total glutathione concentration in liver (4.9 vs. 1.5 µM) vs. BD. However, total antioxidant capacity and concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in liver, muscle or plasma samples were not different among treatments. Supplementation with D-Met increased glutathione peroxidase activity in kidney (878 vs. 413 and 229 mU/mL; P < 0.05) compared with BD or L-Met diet, however, activity of glutathione reductase in liver and kidney were not affected by treatments. These data indicate that D-Met and L-Met are equally efficient to support N retention, intestinal morphology and oxidative status in weaned pigs.

scholarly journals Bioavailability ofD-methionine relative toL-methionine for nursery pigs using the slope-ratio assay

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsu Kong ◽  
Jong Young Ahn ◽  
Beob G. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Quadratic Response

This experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability ofD-methionine (Met) relative toL-Met for nursery pigs using the slope-ratio assay. A total of 50 crossbred barrows with an initial BW of 13.5 kg (SD = 1.0) were used in an N balance study. A Met-deficient basal diet (BD) was formulated to contain an adequate amount of all amino acids (AA) for 10–20 kg pigs except for Met. The two reference diets were prepared by supplementing the BD with 0.4 or 0.8 gL-Met/kg at the expense of corn starch, and an equivalent concentration ofD-Met was added to the BD for the two test diets. The pigs were adapted to the experimental diets for 5 d and then total but separated collection of feces and urine was conducted for 4 d according to the marker-to-marker procedure. Nitrogen intakes were similar across the treatments. Fecal N output was not affected by Met supplementation regardless of source and consequently apparent N digestibility did not change. Conversely, there was a negative linear response (P< 0.01) to Met supplementation with both Met isomers in urinary N output, which resulted in increased retained N (g/4 d) and N retention (% of intake). No quadratic response was observed in any of the N balance criteria. The estimated bioavailability ofD-Met relative toL-Met from urinary N output (g/4 d) and N retention (% of intake) as dependent variables using supplemental Met intake (g/4 d) as an independent variable were 87.6% and 89.6%, respectively; however, approximately 95% of the fiducial limits for the relative bioavailability estimates included 100%. In conclusion, with an absence of statistical significance, the present study indicated that the mean relative bioequivalence ofD- toL-Met was 87.6% based on urinary N output or 89.6% based on N retention.

scholarly journals The effect of lactose and a prototype Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product on digestibility, nitrogen balance, and intestinal function of weaned pigs1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 641-654
Author(s):  
Jesus A Acosta ◽  
Nicholas K Gabler ◽  
John F Patience
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Intestinal Function ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Fermentation Product

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of lactose (LA) and a prototype Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product (FP) on growth performance, diet digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance, and intestinal function of weaned pigs. Twenty-eight newly weaned pigs [approximately 21 d of age; initial body weight (BW) = 5.20 ± 0.15 kg] were housed in metabolism crates and assigned to one of four treatments (n = seven pigs per treatment) corresponding to a 2 × 2 factorial design: with (LA+; 15% inclusion) or without (LA−) LA and with (FP+) or without (FP−) the prototype FP (1 g of FP per kilogram of diet; Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA). Feed and water were provided ad libitum. At day 5, pigs were orally given lactulose and mannitol to assess small intestinal permeability. Fecal samples were collected on days 5–9 to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and N. Total urine output and fecal samples were collected on days 10–13 to determine N retention. On day 15, all pigs were euthanized to collect intestinal lumen and tissue samples. Data were analyzed for the main effects of LA and FP and their interaction using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Lactose improved average daily feed intake (ADFI; P = 0.017), the ATTD of DM (P = 0.014), the ATTD of GE (P = 0.028), and N retention (P = 0.043) and tended to increase the butyric acid concentration in the colon (P = 0.062). The FP tended to increase the digestibility of N (P = 0.090). Neither LA nor the FP affected intestinal barrier function or inflammation markers. The interaction between LA and FP affected intestinal morphology: in the jejunum, pigs fed LA+FP− had increased villus height compared with those fed LA+FP+ and LA−FP−, whereas LA+FP+ was intermediate (interaction P = 0.034). At the terminal ileum, pigs fed LA−FP+ and LA+FP− had increased villus height and villus: crypt compared with those fed LA−FP−, whereas LA+FP+ was intermediate (interaction P = 0.007 and P = 0.007, respectively). In conclusion, the addition of LA brings important nutritional attributes to nursery diets by improving feed intake, digestibility of DM and GE, and the N retention of weaned pigs; however, the functional capacity of LA to improve markers of intestinal function is limited. On the other hand, the FP showed only a mild increase in the digestibility of N but a limited capacity to improve markers of intestinal function.

Effects of supplemental D-methionine in comparison to L-methionine on nitrogen retention, gut morphology, antioxidant status, and mRNA abundance of amino acid transporters in weanling pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine D Espinosa ◽  
John K Mathai ◽  
Laia Blavi ◽  
Yanhong Liu ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Transporters ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Linear Slope

Abstract A N-balance experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that D-Methionine (D-Met) has the same bioavailability and efficacy as L-Methionine (L-Met) when fed to weanling pigs. A Met-deficient basal diet containing 0.24% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Met was formulated. Six additional diets were formulated by adding 0.036, 0.072, or 0.108% D-Met or L-Met to the basal diet, and these diets, therefore, contained 77, 87, or 97% of the requirement for SID Met. Fifty-six barrows (10.53 ± 1.17 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and allotted to the 7 diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet. Feces and urine were collected quantitatively with 7-d adaptation and 5-d collection periods. Blood and tissue samples from pigs fed the basal diet and pigs fed diets containing 0.108% supplemental Met were collected on the last day. Results indicated that N retention (%) linearly increased (P &lt; 0.01) as supplemental D-Met or L-Met increased in diets. Based on N retention (%) as a response, the linear slope-ratio regression estimated the bioavailability of D-Met relative to L-Met to be 101% (95% confidence interval: 57 to 146%). The villus height and crypt depth in the jejunum were not affected by Met level or Met source. Total antioxidant capacity or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentrations in plasma or tissue samples from pigs fed the control diet or diets containing 0.108% supplemental D-Met or L-Met were not different. Abundance of mRNA for some AA transporters analyzed in intestinal mucosa of pigs also did not differ. Therefore, it is concluded that D-Met and L-Met are equally bioavailable for weanling pigs.

scholarly journals Bioavailability of D-methionine relative to L-methionine for nursery pigs using the slope-ratio assay

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsu Kong ◽  
Jong Young Ahn ◽  
Beob G Kim
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Quadratic Response

This experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability of D-methionine (Met) relative to L-Met for nursery pigs using the slope-ratio assay. A total of 50 crossbred barrows with an initial BW of 13.5 kg (SD = 1.0) were used in an N balance study. A Met-deficient basal diet (BD) was formulated to contain an adequate amount of all amino acids for 10 to 20 kg pigs except for Met. The two reference diets were prepared by supplementing the BD with 0.4 or 0.8 g L-Met/kg at the expense of corn starch, and an equivalent concentration of D-Met was added to the BD for the two test diets. The pigs were adapted to the experimental diets for 5 d and then total but separated collection of feces and urine was conducted for 4 d according to the marker-to-marker procedure. Nitrogen intakes were similar across the treatments. Fecal N output was not affected by Met supplementation regardless of source and consequently apparent N digestibility did not change. Conversely, there was a negative linear response (P < 0.01) to Met supplementation with both Met isomers in urinary N output, which resulted in increased retained N (g/4 d) and N retention (% of intake). No quadratic response was observed in any of the N balance criteria. The estimated bioavailability of D-Met relative to L-Met from urinary N output (g/4 d) and N retention (% of intake) as dependent variables using supplemental Met intake (g/4 d) as an independent variable were 87.6 and 89.6%, respectively, but approximate 95% fiducial limits for the relative bioavailability estimates included 100%. In conclusion, with an absence of statistical significance, the present study indicated that the mean relative bioequivalence of D- to L-Met was 87.6% based on urinary N output or 89.6% based on N retention.

scholarly journals Bioavailability of the calcium salt of dl-methionine hydroxy analog compared with dl-methionine for nitrogen retention and the preference of nursery pigs for diets based on the 2 forms of methionine

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minqi Q Wang ◽  
La T T Huyen ◽  
Jung W Lee ◽  
Sheila H Ramos ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Calcium Salt ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Diet Preference ◽  
Linear Slope

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the relative bioavailability (RBV) of the calcium salt of the hydroxy analog of dl-methionine (MHA-Ca, 84%) to dl-methionine (dl-Met, 99%) as Met sources fed to pigs. In experiment 1, 42 crossbred barrows (initial BW of 15.0 ± 0.7 kg) were allotted to 7 treatments in an N-balance study. The basal diet (BD) was formulated to contain 15.4% CP and 0.22% Met (70% of requirement). Diets included (1) BD, (2) BD + 0.025% dl-Met, (3) BD + 0.050% dl-Met, (4) BD + 0.075% dl-Met, (5) BD + 0.038% MHA-Ca, (6) BD + 0.077% MHA-Ca, and (7) BD + 0.115% MHA-Ca. An increase in dietary inclusion rates of both Met sources linearly increased (P &lt; 0.01) N retained (g/d) and N retention (% of intake). Using linear slope-ratio regression, the RBV value of MHA-Ca to dl-Met for N retained (g/d) was 63.0% on a product-to-product basis (75.0% on an equimolar basis). In experiment 2, 40 crossbred barrows (initial BW of 15.5 ± 1.5 kg) were allotted to 5 treatments in another N-balance study. The BD was formulated to contain 17.0% CP and 0.22% Met (70% of requirement). Diets included (1) BD, (2) BD + 0.030% dl-Met, (3) BD + 0.060% dl-Met, (4) BD + 0.046% MHA-Ca, and (5) BD + 0.092% MHA-Ca. Increasing levels of dl-Met or MHA-Ca increased N retained (g/d) and N retention (% of intake) linearly (P &lt; 0.001) and quadratically (P &lt; 0.05). Using linear slope-ratio regression, a product-to-product RBV value of MHA-Ca to dl-Met was 68.4% (81.4% on an equimolar basis) for N retained (g/d). In experiment 3, 276 pigs (12 barrow and 11 gilt replicates; initial BW of 7.09 ± 1.1 kg) were used in 3 diet preference studies. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatment comparisons of feed choice: (1) BD (0.23% Met) or BD + 0.07% dl-Met; (2) BD or BD + 0.0825% MHA-Ca, and (3) BD + 0.07% dl-Met or BD + 0.0825% MHA-Ca. Pigs consumed a higher percentage (55 vs. 45%; P = 0.008) of their total feed intake from the diet supplemented with 0.07% dl-Met in Comparison 1, but a lower percentage (45 vs. 55%; P = 0.003) of their total feed intake from the diet supplemented with 0.0825% MHA-Ca in Comparison 2. There was no diet preference for dl-Met or MHA-Ca in Comparison 3. The observed Met source preference differences occurred in the barrow replicates but not in the gilt replicates. These results demonstrated the mean RBV of MHA-Ca to dl-Met of 65.7% on a product-to-product (wt/wt) basis or 78.2% on an equimolar basis and that a preference for Met sources was observed in barrows but not in gilts.

scholarly journals Enzyme-Treated Soybean Meal Enhanced Performance via Improving Immune Response, Intestinal Morphology and Barrier Function of Nursery Pigs in Antibiotic Free Diets

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2600
Author(s):  
Shenfei Long ◽  
Jiayu Ma ◽  
Xiangshu Piao ◽  
Yuxin Li ◽  
Simone Husballe Rasmussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Jejunal Mucosa ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Tnf Α

This study aims to investigate the effects of ESBM on performance, antioxidant status, immune response, and intestinal barrier function of nursery pigs in antibiotic free diets compared with EFS. A total of 32 Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) barrows (initial body weight of 8.05 ± 0.66 kg, weaned on d 28) were selected and allocated to two treatments with 16 replicates per treatment and one pig per replicate using a complete random design. The treatments included an EFS group (basal diet + 24% EFS; EFS) and an ESBM group (basal diet + 15% ESBM; ESBM). Corn was used to balance energy and diets were iso-nitrogenous at about 18% crude protein. The experiment lasted for 14 days and pigs were slaughtered for sampling on d 14. Compared with EFS, pigs fed ESBM showed enhanced (p < 0.05) gain to feed ratio and average daily gain and a reduced (p < 0.05) diarrhea score. These pigs had increased (p < 0.05) contents of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, IgG, interleukin-10, and ferric reducing ability of plasma, as well as decreased (p < 0.05) malondialdehyde, IL-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interferon-γ, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and diamine oxidase level in serum and TNF-α level in the jejunal mucosa. Moreover, these pigs also showed enhanced (p < 0.05) villus height/crypt depth in ileum, villus height in duodenum, protein expression of zonula-occludens-1 in jejunal mucosa, and fecal total volatile fatty acids and butyric acid contents. In conclusion, ESBM replacing EFS could enhance performance via improving immune response, antioxidant status, gut morphology, and barrier function of nursery pigs in antibiotic free diets.

scholarly journals Bioavailability of D-methionine relative to L-methionine for nursery pigs using the slope-ratio assay

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsu Kong ◽  
Jong Young Ahn ◽  
Beob G Kim
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Quadratic Response

This experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability of D-methionine (Met) relative to L-Met for nursery pigs using the slope-ratio assay. A total of 50 crossbred barrows with an initial BW of 13.5 kg (SD = 1.0) were used in an N balance study. A Met-deficient basal diet (BD) was formulated to contain an adequate amount of all amino acids for 10 to 20 kg pigs except for Met. The two reference diets were prepared by supplementing the BD with 0.4 or 0.8 g L-Met/kg at the expense of corn starch, and an equivalent concentration of D-Met was added to the BD for the two test diets. The pigs were adapted to the experimental diets for 5 d and then total but separated collection of feces and urine was conducted for 4 d according to the marker-to-marker procedure. Nitrogen intakes were similar across the treatments. Fecal N output was not affected by Met supplementation regardless of source and consequently apparent N digestibility did not change. Conversely, there was a negative linear response (P < 0.01) to Met supplementation with both Met isomers in urinary N output, which resulted in increased retained N (g/4 d) and N retention (% of intake). No quadratic response was observed in any of the N balance criteria. The estimated bioavailability of D-Met relative to L-Met from urinary N output (g/4 d) and N retention (% of intake) as dependent variables using supplemental Met intake (g/4 d) as an independent variable were 87.6 and 89.6%, respectively, but approximate 95% fiducial limits for the relative bioavailability estimates included 100%. In conclusion, with an absence of statistical significance, the present study indicated that the mean relative bioequivalence of D- to L-Met was 87.6% based on urinary N output or 89.6% based on N retention.

scholarly journals Are insulin-resistance and oxidative stress cause or consequence of aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 245 (14) ◽  
pp. 1260-1267
Author(s):  
Sylwia Dzięgielewska-Gęsiak ◽  
Dorota Stołtny ◽  
Alicja Brożek ◽  
Małgorzata Muc-Wierzgoń ◽  
Ewa Wysocka
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Total Antioxidant Status ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽  
Antioxidant Markers

Insulin resistance (IR) may be associated with oxidative stress and leads to cardiovascular disorders. Current research focuses on interplay between insulin-resistance indices and oxidant-antioxidant markers in elderly individuals with or without insulin-resistance. The assessment involved anthropometric data (weight, height, BMI, percentage of body fat (FAT)) and biochemical tests (glucose, lipids, serum insulin and plasma oxidant-antioxidant markers: Thiobarbituric Acid-Reacting Substances (TBARS), Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) and total antioxidant status). Insulin resistance index (IR) assuming a cut-off point of 0.3 allows to divides groups into: insulin sensitive group (InsS) IR < 0,3 ( n = 35, median age 69.0 years) and insulin-resistant group (InsR) IR ≥ 0.3 ( n = 51, median age 71.0 years). Lipids and antioxidant defense system markers did not differentiate the investigated groups. In the InsR elderly group, the FAT was increased ( P < 0.000003) and TBARS ( P = 0.008) concentration decreased in comparison with InsS group. A positive correlation for SOD-1 and total antioxidant status ( P < 0.05; r =  0.434) and a negative correlation for TBARS and age ( P < 0.05 with r = −0.421) were calculated in InsR individuals. In elderly individuals, oxidative stress persists irrespective of insulin-resistance status. We suggest that increased oxidative stress may be consequence of old age. An insulin action identifies those at high risk for atherosclerosis, via congruent associations with oxidative stress and extra- and intra-cellular antioxidant defense systems. Thus, we maintain that insulin-resistance is not the cause of aging. Impact statement Insulin resistance is associated with oxidative stress leading to cardiovascular diseases. However, little research has been performed examining elderly individuals with or without insulin-resistance. We demonstrate that antioxidant defense systems alone is not able to abrogate insulin action in elderly individuals at high risk for atherosclerosis, whereas the combined oxidant-antioxidant markers (thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS), Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), and total antioxidant status (TAS)) might be more efficient and perhaps produce better clinical outcome. In fact, a decrease in oxidative stress and strong interaction between antioxidant defense can be seen only among insulin-resistant elderly individuals. This is, in our opinion, valuable information for clinicians, since insulin-resistance is considered strong cardiovascular risk factor.

scholarly journals 173 Lysed Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass from lysine production as a novel feed additive to enhance gut health and growth of newly-weaned pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 77-78
Author(s):  
Yi-Chi Cheng ◽  
Marcos E Duarte ◽  
Sung Woo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Corynebacterium Glutamicum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Jejunal Mucosa ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective was to determine the functional and nutritional values of Corynebacterium glutamicum Cell Mass (CGCM) on growth performance and gut health of newly-weaned pigs. Forty newly-weaned pigs (21 d of age; initial BW 7.1 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to 5 dietary treatments based on randomized complete block design with sex and BW as blocks. The lysine broth of CGCM (CJ Bio, Fort Dodge, IA) was homogenized by using French press and dried to obtain lysed CGCM. Dietary treatments were: basal diet with lysed CGCM at 0, 0.7, 1.4, 2.1%, and with 1.4% intact CGCM. Experimental diets were formulated based on nutrient requirements (NRC, 2012) and pigs were fed based on 2 phases (10 and 11 d for each phase). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to phase 2 diets as an indigestible external marker to calculate nutrient digestibility. Feed intake and BW were measured at d 0, 10, and 21. Pigs were euthanized on d 21 to collect proximal and distal jejunal mucosa to measure TNF-α, IL-8, MDA, IgA, and IgG concentrations. Diets and ileal digesta were collected to measure AID. Data were analyzed by SAS using MIXED, REG, and GLM procedures. Overall, increasing daily lysed CGCM intake increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG (211 to 296 g) and ADFI (432 to 501 g). Increasing levels of lysed CGCM decreased (P &lt; 0.05) MDA and changed (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) IgA (max: 4.90 ng/mg at 1.13%) and IgG (max: 3.37 ng/mg at 1.04%) in the proximal jejunal mucosa. Increasing daily lysed CGCM intake had quadratic effect (P&lt; 0.05) of protein carbonyl (max: 6.3 μmol/mg at 4.9 g/d). Lysed CGCM potentially benefits growth performance and gut health of newly-weaned pigs by reducing oxidative stress and increasing immune response.

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