PSIV-17 Effects of zinc level and calcium source on growth performance of nursery pigs

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Zn level and Ca source on nursery performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of added Zn (100 or 3,000 mg/kg) and Ca source (limestone or Ca citrate). The basal level of Zn (100 mg/kg) was from organic source, whereas the 3,000 mg/kg was created with the inclusion of 2,900 mg/kg Zn oxide. A total of 3,701 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough), initially 5.4 kg, were used with 18 replicates per treatment. Experimental diets were fed for 19 d, followed by a common diet from d 19 to 49. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. There were interactions (P < 0.05) between Zn and Ca for G:F from d 10 to 19 and 0 to 19. From d 10 to 19, feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn improved G:F with both Ca sources, but the magnitude of improvement was greater when diets contained Ca citrate. From d 0 to 19, only pigs fed Ca citrate presented improvement in G:F when fed 3,000 mg/kg added Zn. For main effects, feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn improved (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F from d 0 to 10. From d 10 to 19 and 0 to 19, feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI. During the common period (d 19 to 49), pigs previously fed 100 mg/kg added Zn had improved (P < 0.01) G:F. Overall (d 0 to 49), no differences (P > 0.10) in performance were observed. In conclusion, there were no major differences in performance between Ca sources. Pigs fed 3,000 mg/kg added Zn presented improved growth performance from d 10 to 19 but not overall.

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133 Effects of methionine source and zinc level on growth performance of nursery pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 106-106

Author(s):

Henrique S Cemin ◽

Luke A Swalla ◽

Sharlie A Hansen ◽

Jamie L Pietig ◽

Stewart T Galloway ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Zinc Level ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Improved Performance ◽

D 20 ◽

Treatment Structure ◽

Main Effects ◽

Organic Source

Abstract A 44-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Met source and Zn level on growth performance of nursery pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment structure with main effects of Met source (DL-Met or MHA-Ca) and added Zn level (100 or 3,000 mg/kg). A total of 1,008 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough), initially 5.6 kg, were used, with 9 replicates per treatment. The basal Zn level of 100 mg/kg was from organic source, while the added level of 2,900 mg/kg was from Zn oxide. The different added Zn levels were fed from d 0 to 20, whereas the different Met sources were fed throughout the experimental period (d 0 to 44). Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. There was no evidence (P > 0.10) for Met × Zn interactive effects. From d 0 to 20, pigs fed DL-Met had a tendency (P < 0.10) for higher ADG and BW. Pigs fed 3,000 mg/kg added Zn had higher (P < 0.05) ADFI, ADG, and BW. From d 20 to 44, there was no evidence for differences (P > 0.10) between Met source. Pigs previously fed 100 mg/kg added Zn had improved (P < 0.05) ADFI and ADG. Overall (d 0 to 44), pigs fed DL-Met had a tendency (P < 0.10) for higher ADG and final BW. No evidence for differences (P > 0.10) was observed between pigs fed 100 or 3,000 mg/kg added Zn. In conclusion, pigs fed DL-Met tended to have improved performance. Feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn improved performance until d 20, but no differences were observed in the overall nursery period.

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263 Effects of soybean meal level on growth performance of 11- to 25-kg nursery pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.154 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 87-88

Author(s):

Henrique S Cemin ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

Steve S Dritz ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Joel M DeRouchey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Random Effect ◽

Fixed Effect ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Energy Value ◽

Caloric Efficiency ◽

Main Effects

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal (SBM) in diets with or without 25% DDGS on growth performance of nursery pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of SBM (27.5, 32.5, or 37.5%) and DDGS (0 or 25%). A total of 296, 2,502, 4,118, and 711 pigs, initially 10.6, 11.7, 12.5, and 12.3 kg, were used and there were 10, 16, 13, and 12 replicates per treatment in Exp. 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Experimental diets were fed for 21 d. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency (CE). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with block as random effect and treatment as fixed effect. The average cull rate was 0.7, 0.5, 0.2, and 0% and the mortality rate was 0.7, 0.3, 0.4, and 0% in Exp. 1 to 4, respectively. There were interactions (P ≤ 0.039) between SBM and DDGS for G:F and CE in Exp. 2 and for ADG and ADFI in Exp. 3. These were mostly driven by increasing SBM negatively affecting performance in a greater magnitude when diets contained DDGS compared to diets without DDGS. The main effects of DDGS and SBM were more consistent across experiments. Pigs fed diets with 25% DDGS had decreased (P ≤ 0.001) ADG and ADFI in all experiments as well as poorer (P ≤ 0.028) G:F and CE except for Exp. 3. Feeding increasing amounts of SBM generally did not result in any major impact in ADG, but consistently improved (linear, P ≤ 0.078) G:F and CE across experiments. The mechanism for this response is unclear but could be driven by intrinsic components of SBM or underestimating the energy value of SBM.

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244 Effect of Fiber Source and Crude Protein Level on Nursery Pig Performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.152 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 94-95

Author(s):

Kelsey Hammers ◽

Hilda I Calderon ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Robert D Goodband ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Oat Hulls ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Nursery Pig ◽

Pig Performance ◽

Two Phases ◽

Main Effects

Abstract A total of 360 pigs (DNA 200′400, initially 5.0 kg) were used in a 45-d growth trial to determine the effects of fiber source and crude protein (CP) level in diets without pharmacological levels of ZnO on nursery pig growth performance and fecal dry matter (DM). Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 9 pens/treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2×4 factorial with main effects of CP (21 or 18%) and fiber source [none, coarse wheat bran (CWB), oat hulls, or cellulose (Arbocel, J. Rettenmaier USA, Schoolcraft, MI)]. Fiber source was added to equalize the level of insoluble fiber contributed from 4% CWB, resulting in the addition of 1.85% oat hulls or 1.55% cellulose. Diets were fed in two phases (d 0 to 10 and 10 to 24) followed by a common diet (d 24 to 45). The 21% CP diets contained 1.40% SID Lys in phase 1 and 1.35% SID Lys in phase 2. Treatment diets were formulated to a maximum SID Lys:digestible CP level of 6.35%, thus SID Lys decreased in the 18% CP (1.25% SID Lys) diets. Data were analyzed using the lmer function in R. No fiber source × CP level interactions (P >0.05) were observed. Decreasing dietary CP decreased (P = 0.05) ADG, G:F, and d 24 BW. Overall, ADG and d 45 BW decreased (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 18% CP diets. No main effects of fiber source were observed for growth performance throughout the study. Fecal DM increased (P < 0.05) for pigs fed added cellulose compared to pigs fed no fiber or CWB in the experimental period. In conclusion, reducing dietary CP decreased growth performance and the inclusion of cellulose improved fecal DM of nursery pigs.

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Effects of dietary chlortetracycline, Origanum essential oil, and pharmacological Cu and Zn on growth performance of nursery pigs

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txx004 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 62-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J A Feldpausch ◽

R G Amachawadi ◽

M D Tokach ◽

H M Scott ◽

S S Dritz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Treatment Period ◽

Weaned Pigs ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Nursery Pig ◽

Pig Performance ◽

High Doses ◽

D 12 ◽

Main Effects

Abstract Two 47-d experiments were conducted with 21-d-old weaned pigs (PIC 1050, initially 6.1 kg) to determine the effects of feeding low or high doses of chlortetracycline (CTC) and antibiotic alternatives (Cu, Zn, and essential oil [EO]), alone or in combination, on growth performance. On d 5 postweaning, pens of 5 pigs were allotted to diet treatments with 8 (exp. 1) or 7 (exp. 2) replicate pens per treatment. In exp. 1, treatments were fed from d 5 to 26 postweaning and arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of added ZnO (0 vs. 2,500 ppm of Zn) and CTC (0, 55, or 441 ppm). In exp. 2, treatments were fed from d 5 to 33 and structured in a (2 × 2 × 2) + 2 factorial with main effects of added CuSO4 (0 vs. 125 ppm Cu), added ZnO (0 vs. 3,000 ppm Zn from d 5 to 12 and 2,000 ppm Zn from d 12 to 33), and Regano EX (0 vs. 0.1% Regano EX containing 5% Origanum oil). The 2 additional treatments were subtherapeutic (55 ppm) and therapeutic (441 ppm) levels of CTC. Following the treatment period, a common diet without antimicrobial was fed until d 47. All diets contained 16.5 ppm Cu and 110 ppm Zn from the trace mineral premix. In exp. 1, no ZnO × CTC interactions were observed. Feeding ZnO increased (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and BW during the treatment period and increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI overall (d 5 to 47). Pigs fed CTC had increased (linear, P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and BW during the treatment period and had marginally significant increases (linear, P < 0.10) in overall ADG and ADFI, but overall G:F tended (quadratic, P = 0.070) to increase then decrease as CTC increased. During the treatment period in exp. 2, EO did not affect ADG or ADFI, whereas pharmacological levels of Cu, Zn, and CTC increased (P < 0.05) ADG with coinciding increases (P = 0.055, 0.006, and linear 0.079, respectively) in ADFI. Copper, Zn, and CTC did not affect G:F. EO decreased (P = 0.009) G:F. Diet treatments had minimal carryover effects on subsequent nursery pig growth performance. Overall from d 5 to 47, Cu increased (P = 0.018) ADG, Zn increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI, and EO tended to decrease (P = 0.086) G:F. In conclusion, increased dietary Cu, Zn, or CTC improved weanling pig performance while EO elicited no growth benefits. The benefits of added Zn from ZnO and CTC were additive and could be included together in diets to maximize growth performance of weaned pigs.

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PSIX-13 Effects of zinc and copper levels on growth performance of nursery pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.318 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 179-180

Author(s):

Henrique S Cemin ◽

Luke A Swalla ◽

Jamie L Pietig ◽

Sharlie A Hansen ◽

Ernie L Hansen

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Whey Permeate ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Overall Performance ◽

Treatment Structure ◽

Main Effects

Abstract A 20-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of added Zn and Cu on growth performance of nursery pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment structure with main effects of added Zn (100 or 3,000 mg/kg of diet) and Cu (10 or 200 mg/kg of diet). Basal Zn and Cu levels (100 and 10 mg/kg, respectively) were from organic sources, while the added high levels (2,900 and 190 mg/kg, respectively) were from Zn oxide and Cu hydroxychloride. A total of 784 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough), initially 6.0 kg, were used with 7 replicates per treatment. Experimental diets were corn, soybean meal, and whey permeate-based and contained 1.38% SID Lys. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. From d 0 to 10, there was no evidence (P > 0.10) for interactive or main effects of Zn or Cu. From d 10 to 20 and overall (d 0 to 20), there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between Zn and Cu for G:F. From d 10 to 20, pigs fed 10 mg/kg added Cu had improved G:F when 3,000 mg/kg added Zn was fed; however, pigs fed 200 mg/kg added Cu had similar G:F regardless of added Zn level. There was no evidence (P > 0.10) for interaction for ADG or ADFI, indicating an additive Zn and Cu effect. Feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn or 200 mg/kg added Cu improved ADG, ADFI, and final BW with the highest performance observed when feeding both 3,000 mg/kg added Zn and 200 mg/kg added Cu. In summary, feeding high levels of Zn or Cu did not impact the first 10-d postweaning performance, but Zn and Cu effects were observed in the subsequent 10-d and overall performance.

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94 The Effects of Dietary Crude Protein, Acidifier, and Pharmacological Levels of Zinc on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.082 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 47-48

Author(s):

Wade M Hutchens ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Joel M DeRouchey ◽

Robert D Goodband ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Dietary Crude Protein ◽

Nursery Pig ◽

Weaning Pigs ◽

Pig Performance ◽

Main Effects

Abstract Weanling pigs (n = 360, DNA 200 × 400, initially 5.90 kg) were used to evaluate pharmacological levels of Zn (ZnO), diet acidification (sodium diformate; Addcon, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany), and crude protein (18 or 21% CP) on pig performance. At weaning, pigs were assigned to treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 9 pens/treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2×2 factorial with main effects of Zn (110 mg/kg from d 0 to 21 or 3,000 mg/kg from d 0 to 7, and 2,000 mg/kg from d 7 to 21), diet acidification (without or with 1.2% sodium diformate), and dietary CP (21 or 18%). The 21% CP diets were formulated to 1.40 and 1.35% SID Lys in phase 1 and 2, respectively, and 18% CP diets were formulated to 1.20% SID Lys. Experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 21 with a common diet from d 21 to 42. Fecal samples were collected weekly to determine fecal dry matter (DM). Data were analyzed using R Studio as a RCBD. From d 0 to 21, ADG and G:F increased (P < 0.05) for pigs fed pharmacological Zn, and sodium diformate. Overall, ADG tended (P ≤ 0.069) to increase for pigs fed added Zn or sodium diformate. Pigs fed 21% CP had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F from d 0 to 21 and overall G:F compared with those fed 18% CP. Feeding 18% CP diets increased fecal dry matter on d 7 when pharmacological Zn and sodium diformate were not in the diet (Zn×acidifier×CP interaction, P < 0.05). From d 21 to 42, there was no evidence of difference in growth performance. In conclusion, reducing CP without acidification increased fecal DM when pharmacological Zn were not in the diet, but had little effect when it was in the diet. Adding sodium diformate and pharmacological Zn independently improved nursery pig growth performance.

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82 Glucocorticoid receptor agonist (GRA): an alternative to in-feed antibiotics (ANT) for newly weaned pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.084 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 46-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hailey Wooten ◽

John J McGlone ◽

Arlene Garcia ◽

Amanda R Rakhshandeh ◽

Anoosh Rakhshandeh

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Blood Chemistry ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Free Access ◽

Weaned Pigs ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Weaning Stress ◽

Feeding Program ◽

Main Effects

Abstract Previously we found that GRA reduces systemic inflammation in newly weaned pigs. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of GRA on growth performance and blood chemistry in newly weaned pigs, since inflammation impacts growth. A total of 209 pigs (BW 7.4 ±1.27 kg) were weaned at 26 ±1.5-d of age and assigned to a factorial CRD, with sex and treatment as main effects. Treatments included control (CON), GRA, ANT, and ANT+GRA (ANGA). Dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg BW; i.m. injections) and Tylan 40 (0.12% of diet) were used as GRA and ANT, respectively. Pigs had free access to conventional corn-soybean diets according to a phase-feeding program. Feed intake, BW, ADG, measures of blood chemistry and hematocrit were determined over the 28-d post-weaning period. The repeated measures ANOVA (PROC MIXED) in SAS was used for statistical analysis. Interaction effects of sex and treatments were observed on BW and ADG (P = 0.03), but not on the gain-to-feed ratio (G:F). BW (kg) was higher in GRA gilts (10 ±0.08) than ANT gilts (9.7 ±0.06) and barrows (9.6 ±0.05), and CON barrows (9.4 ±0.09; P = 0.01). GRA gilts tended to be heavier than CON gilts (9.8 ±0.10; P = 0.06). ADG (kg) was higher in GRA gilts (0.40 ±0.014) than ANT gilts (0.34 ±0.019), CON barrows (0.29 ±0.016) and ANT barrows (0.36 ±0.012; P = 0.05). Overall G:F was higher in GRA pigs than CON pigs (0.63 vs. 0.56 ±0.020; P = 0.01) and tended to be higher than ANT pigs (P = 0.09). Creatinine levels tended to be lower in GRA pigs than ANT pigs (1.18 vs. 1.30 ±0.046 mg/dl; P = 0.07). Treatments had no effects on other measures of blood chemistry. Collectively, treatment with GRA effectively improves the growth performance of nursery pigs, especially gilts, during the nursery phase. GRA can be considered as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for mitigating the adverse effects of weaning stress. USDA-NIFA-2017-68008-26304.

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PSIV-16 Effects of a functional protein on growth performance of nursery pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.316 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 178-179

Author(s):

Henrique S Cemin ◽

Luke A Swalla ◽

Jamie L Pietig ◽

Sharlie A Hansen ◽

Ernie L Hansen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Control Diet ◽

Functional Protein ◽

Whey Permeate ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Treatment Experiment ◽

The Common ◽

D 23

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a functional protein (FXP; Ani-Tek Group, LLC, Shelbina, MO) on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 840 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough), initially 5.5 kg, were used with 28 pigs per pen and a total of 15 replicates per treatment. There were two treatments, which consisted of a control diet and the control diet with added FXP. The experimental diets were corn, soybean meal, and whey permeate-based and contained 3,000 mg/kg added Zn. The inclusion of FXP was 0.3% of the diet. Experimental diets were fed for 23 d, followed by a common corn and soybean meal-based diet from d 23 to 48. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. There was no evidence (P > 0.10) for treatment × experiment interactions, thus data was combined for statistical analysis using the MIXED procedure of SAS. From d 0 to 23, pigs fed diets containing FXP had higher (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and BW and a tendency (P = 0.053) for improved G:F. During the common period (d 23 to 48), pigs previously fed FXP had a tendency (P < 0.10) for higher ADG and ADFI. Overall (d 0 to 48), pigs that received FXP had higher (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, BW, and a tendency (P = 0.055) for improved G:F. In conclusion, the inclusion of the functional protein improved growth performance of nursery pigs.

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