Effects of Dietary Selenium Sources on Physiological Status of Laying Hens and Production of Selenium-Enriched Eggs

Developing new sources of organic selenium (Se) has potential benefits for animal production and human nutrition via animal-based foods enriched with Se. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Se-enriched insect protein (SEIP) in comparison with other sources, such as sodium selenite (SS) and selenium-enriched yeast (SEY), on performance, egg quality, selenium concentration in eggs, serum biochemical indices, immune capacity, and intestinal morphology of laying hens. Four hundred and fifty 24-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens with 94.0 ± 1.5% laying rate were randomly allocated to five groups with six replicates of 15 hens each. The control diet was prepared without adding exogenous selenium (calculated basal Se content of 0.08 mg/kg). The normal group was fed basal diets supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg of Se provided by sodium selenite. Three treatment groups (SS, SEY, and SEIP, respectively) were fed basal diets supplemented with 2 mg/kg of Se provided by sodium selenite, Se-enriched yeast, and SEIP, respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 12 weeks. Results revealed that dietary supplementation of 2 mg/kg of Se increased egg weight, decreased feed conversion ratio, and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of eggs in laying hens relative to the control group, whereas no significant differences were observed among SS, SEY, and SEIP treatment groups for the same. The organic source of Se provided by SEY or SEIP showed higher bio efficiency, as indicated by higher selenium content in eggs of SEY and SEIP compared with SS, although higher content was observed in SEY compared with SEIP. Also, the organic Se source significantly improved antioxidant capacity and immune functions of laying hens than the inorganic Se source. Diets supplemented with SEIP and SS significantly improved jejunal morphology of the laying hens compared with SEY, whereas SEIP was more effective than SEY to improve the oviduct health of laying hens. The results of this work evidently points the additive effect and nontoxicity of SEIP. Thus, SEIP could be used as another organic source of Se in the diet of laying hens and production of selenium-enriched eggs for humans.

Hydroxy-selenomethionine as an organic source of selenium in the diet improves boar reproductive performance in artificial insemination programs

This study aimed to compare different selenium (Se) sources in the diet on boar's semen quality and fertility. For this, 28 boars aged 8 to 28 months were fed with the following dietary treatments for 95 days: 0.3 mg Se/kg as sodium selenite (SS, n = 14) and 0.3 mg Se/kg as hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet, n = 14). During this period, two experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, the semen of all boars was evaluated every 2 weeks. Raw semen was initially evaluated for the processing of seminal doses, which were stored at 17 °C for 72 h, followed by sperm quality assessments. Furthermore, Se concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were measured in the seminal plasma. In experiment 2, 728 females were inseminated weekly with seminal doses from boars of the different experimental groups to further assess in vivo fertility and litter characteristics. Results demonstrated that boars fed OH-SeMet had more Se in their seminal plasma (p < 0.05), showing the greater bioavailability of the organic source in the male reproductive system. Moreover, boars fed OH-SeMet tended (p < 0.10) towards a higher total sperm count in the ejaculate (66.60 vs. 56.57 × 10 9 sperm), and the number of seminal doses (22.11 vs. 18.86; 3 × 10 9 sperm/dose) when compared to those fed SS. No effect of the dietary treatments was observed on GPx activity in seminal plasma (p > 0.05), as well as on raw and stored semen quality (p > 0.05). Under in vivo conditions, seminal doses from boars fed OH-SeMet tended (p < 0.10) towards a higher pregnancy rate at weeks 3, 5, and 8, and also resulted in a higher (p < 0.05) percentage of pregnant females in the overall period (99.30 vs. 97.00). In conclusion, the replacement of SS with OH-SeMet in boars' diet can improve sperm production and results in better reproductive performance for them, bringing greater productivity and profitability to artificial insemination centers and commercial pig farms.

Effect of source and concentration of zinc on growth performance, meat quality and mineral retention in New Zealand rabbits

<p>Zinc supplementation in rabbit diet favours deposition of this mineral in meat and, therefore, contributes to satisfying the daily requirements of Zn in humans that consume it. A trial was conducted to study the effect of two sources (ZnSO₄ and Zn-methionate) and two concentrations of Zn, along with a control (without Zn supplementation), on weight gain, meat quality and muscle retention in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits during fattening stage. Treatments were randomly assigned to 100 NZW rabbits 40 days old, in a completely randomised experimental design using a factorial arrangement of treatments (2×2+control). The experimental period was 30 d. In each experimental treatment, weight gain, feed consumption and meat quality were recorded, as well as the retention of Zn in serum, liver, loin and hind leg. Results showed no differences (<em>P</em>&gt;0.05) in weight gain and food consumption, which can be attributed to diet-added Zn sources (ZnSO₄ and Zn-methionate). Food conversion was better with the organic source at the highest concentration (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05). Regarding meat quality, no differences were found (<em>P</em>&gt;0.05) in hind legs for source effect and Zn concentration, while in loin, differences (<em>P</em>=0.02) were found in the colour parameter of L* and B* when the organic source of Zn (Zn-methionate) was supplied. Most retention of Zn on the loin occurred when a concentration of 25 mg Zn kg^–1 of Zn-methionate was added, which could be important to provide larger amounts of Zn for human consumption.</p>

Improving the productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) by strengthening the impact of applied nutrients through alligator weed compost

Weeds produce huge biomass by competing with the main crop for resources has been well established by numerous investigators. The use of weeds, especially aquatic weeds, as an organic source of nutrients such as compost is lacking in the literature. We hypothesized that the use of aquatic weeds i.e. alligator as compost would limit the use of inorganic fertilizers in okra and it would increase the quality of produce. To maximize the effect of inorganic nutrients, it would be easier to use the alligator weed compost as a natural source of nutrients. The crop was sown on 22 July, 2017 and 20 July, 2018 in a randomized complete block design having four replications. The net plot size was 1.8 m x 6 m. The alligator weed compost along with NPK was applied at the time of sowing. Alligator weed compost was applied along with different combinations of NPK i.e. control (recommended dose of NPK 159-114-93 kg ha-1 ), compost application of 250 kg ha-1 , compost application of 500 kg ha-1 , compost application of 250 kg ha-1 with 75% recommended NPK, compost application of 250 kg ha-1 with 50% recommended NPK, compost application of 250 kg ha-1 with 25% recommended NPK, compost application of 500 kg ha-1 compost with 75% recommended NPK, compost application of 500 kg ha-1 with 50% recommended NPK and compost application of 500 kg ha-1 with 25% recommended NPK. Compost application of 250 kg ha-1 with 50% recommended NPK significantly reduced the number of days to flowering and increased plant height (cm) at flowering and plant maturity over the alone NPK and other combinations of compost and NPK. Pod yield and yield components were outclassed by the compost application of 250 kg ha-1 with 50% recommended NPK over the other combinations. For example, number of pods per plant and pod yield (t ha-1 ) were increased by 26%, 20%, respectively averaged across during both years of study over the recommended dose of NPK alone. Similarly, application of compost at 500 kg ha-1 along with NPK 50% of recommended dose enhanced pod potassium and ascorbic acid contents by 76% and 35%, respectively averaged across during both years of study over the control dose of NPK. Conclusively, alligator weed organic source of nutrients could reduce NPK fertilizers as it holds the nutrients applied and also provides the essential nutrients. In future climates, alligator weed compost would be a sustainable and environment friendly approach.

Biotherapeutics and its applications in Microbiology

Biotherapeutics is a rapidly growing segment of the entire pharmaceutical industry that constitutes approximately one-quarter of ongoing new drug endorsements. Monoclonal antibodies are a major part of these endorsements every year (mAbs). MAbs' non-clinical pharmacology and toxicology research compare with substance components during progression, since these biotherapeutics are extracted from an organic source, and to inspire a pharmacological reaction, the creature models must also have similar epitopes (focuses) as individuals. Biotherapeutic items (BTPs) are the quickest developing drugs in the pharmaceutical market. Despite their clinical achievement, the immunogenicity of BTPs keeps on being a significant concern. The subcutaneous (SC) course is to cultivate a passion for the organisation of biotherapeutics. Both monoclonal antibodies and various biotherapeutics are discussed. Medicine has been disrupted by biotherapeutic drugs (BPs), altering the way we treat a few processes. Comparative BPs (SBPs) are discussed here, also called biosimilars, including the assembly process and administrative viewpoints used. Monoclonal antibodies can apply synergistic antitumour impacts in blend with other immunomodulatory approaches, for example, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, directed treatment specialists, immunisations, or different immunomodulators. Probiotics have gotten profoundly perceived as enhancements for people and specifically for creatures given their gainful result on wellbeing improvement and prosperity support.

133 Effects of methionine source and zinc level on growth performance of nursery pigs

A 44-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Met source and Zn level on growth performance of nursery pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment structure with main effects of Met source (DL-Met or MHA-Ca) and added Zn level (100 or 3,000 mg/kg). A total of 1,008 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough), initially 5.6 kg, were used, with 9 replicates per treatment. The basal Zn level of 100 mg/kg was from organic source, while the added level of 2,900 mg/kg was from Zn oxide. The different added Zn levels were fed from d 0 to 20, whereas the different Met sources were fed throughout the experimental period (d 0 to 44). Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. There was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for Met × Zn interactive effects. From d 0 to 20, pigs fed DL-Met had a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for higher ADG and BW. Pigs fed 3,000 mg/kg added Zn had higher (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI, ADG, and BW. From d 20 to 44, there was no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) between Met source. Pigs previously fed 100 mg/kg added Zn had improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI and ADG. Overall (d 0 to 44), pigs fed DL-Met had a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for higher ADG and final BW. No evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) was observed between pigs fed 100 or 3,000 mg/kg added Zn. In conclusion, pigs fed DL-Met tended to have improved performance. Feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn improved performance until d 20, but no differences were observed in the overall nursery period.

PSIV-17 Effects of zinc level and calcium source on growth performance of nursery pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Zn level and Ca source on nursery performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of added Zn (100 or 3,000 mg/kg) and Ca source (limestone or Ca citrate). The basal level of Zn (100 mg/kg) was from organic source, whereas the 3,000 mg/kg was created with the inclusion of 2,900 mg/kg Zn oxide. A total of 3,701 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough), initially 5.4 kg, were used with 18 replicates per treatment. Experimental diets were fed for 19 d, followed by a common diet from d 19 to 49. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. There were interactions (P &lt; 0.05) between Zn and Ca for G:F from d 10 to 19 and 0 to 19. From d 10 to 19, feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn improved G:F with both Ca sources, but the magnitude of improvement was greater when diets contained Ca citrate. From d 0 to 19, only pigs fed Ca citrate presented improvement in G:F when fed 3,000 mg/kg added Zn. For main effects, feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F from d 0 to 10. From d 10 to 19 and 0 to 19, feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and ADFI. During the common period (d 19 to 49), pigs previously fed 100 mg/kg added Zn had improved (P &lt; 0.01) G:F. Overall (d 0 to 49), no differences (P &gt; 0.10) in performance were observed. In conclusion, there were no major differences in performance between Ca sources. Pigs fed 3,000 mg/kg added Zn presented improved growth performance from d 10 to 19 but not overall.