scholarly journals 42 Genetic differentiation of Russian goats and wild relatives based on microsatellite loci

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 19-20
Author(s):  
Marina I Selionova ◽  
Magomet M Aibazov ◽  
Tatyana V Mamontova ◽  
Sergey N Petrov ◽  
Veronica R Kharzinova ◽  
...  

Abstract Goat breeding is a traditional livestock industry for many regions of Russia. Due to unpretentiousness and high adaptive qualities, the Karachai, Dagestan wool and Dagestan down breeds are widespread in the North Caucasus. Moreover, their uniqueness is determined by sharing a common habitat with their wild relatives, West Caucasian and Dagestani turs, thus forming hybrid zones. The aim of the research was to study allele pool and interbreed differentiation of domestic goat breeds and wild relatives by microsatellites. Research was performed based on 16 loci on the ABI 3130xl analyzer. Population genetic characteristics were calculated in GenAlEx 6.5, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed in Populations 1.2.30 and SplitsTree 4.14.5. The sample collection included goat breeds (n = 226): Karachai (KRCH), Dagestan down (DAGD), Dagestan wool (DAGW) (North Caucasus), Soviet wool (SOVW) (Siberia), Orenburg (OREN) (South Ural), and wild goats (n = 72). Wild goats comprised mountain goats: Siberian goats (Capra sibirica) from the Altai, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and the Himalayas; bezoar goats (Capra aegagrus) from Turkey and Pakistan; and tur (Capra caucasica) from the West Caucasus (Kuban), Central Caucasus, and East Caucasus (Dagestan). The Karachai breed was characterized by the highest level of genetic diversity: the average number of alleles per locus (NA) and allelic richness (AR) were 9,154 and 7,713, respectively, while these indices varied from 6,538 to 7,538 and from 6,425 to 7,538 (Table 1) in other breeds, respectively. The values of genetic distances showed differentiation of Karachai, Dagestan down and Dagestan wool breeds from Orenburg and Soviet wool breeds (Table 2). The formation of three clusters was established. The first one included subspecies of the Caucasian tur, the second one comprised Siberian goats, and the third contained domestic goats. Bezoar goats were in the root of the third cluster that confirmed their participation as an ancestral form of domestic goats.

Author(s):  
Х.М. Хетагуров

Кленовники Северного Кавказа – особый тип лесных формаций. Особенность проявляется не только в структуре фитоценозов, но и в способах самовозобновления. Объект исследования – чистые и смешанные кленовники в нескольких урочищах РСО-Алания. Объекты расположены в различных условиях горного рельефа и на разной высоте над уровнем моря, от 1100 до 1900 м. Целью исследования является установление особенностей семенного возобновления кленовников, произрастающих в верхнем поясе распространения лесов на Северном Кавказе. Для достижения поставленной цели устанавливали время цветения и созревания семян по вертикальным поясам распространения кленовников. Обилие цветения и средний балл плодоношения устанавливали по В.Г. Капперу. Биометрические характеристики семян определяли по урочищам в трех повторностях. Учет подроста проводили на круговых учетных площадках по 10 м2, в соответствии с методикой А.В. Грязькина. Установлено, что цветение клена Траутфеттера начинается 10–14 мая и заканчивается в третьей декаде мая. Семена начинают созревать к концу августа – к началу сентября. Сроки опадения семян растянуты. Часть семян попадает на почву до начала листопада, поэтому они оказываются погребенными под опадом. Такие семена быстро теряют всхожесть, выпревают. Другая часть опадает вместе с листьями. Третья категория семян (самые легкие) держатся на деревьях до декабря и даже до весны. Естественное возобновление клена семенами под пологом материнского древостоя сильно затруднено из-за мощного травяного покрова. В древостое с сомкнутым пологом доля цветущих и плодоносящих деревьев составляет 2–3%, а средний балл плодоношения составляет 1,3. Освещенность на поверхности почвы не превышает 100 люкс, т. е. составляет 0,2–0,3% от освещенности на открытом месте; на высоте 1,3 м (над травостоем) освещенность несколько выше – от 1,2 до 1,6 тыс. люкс. Под пологом древостоя преобладает подрост вегетативного происхождения. У верхней границы кленового леса подрост семенного происхождения встречается в окнах, прогалинах и на открытых местах в количестве 430–630 экз./га. По высоте преобладает крупный подрост 50–60%, доля мелкого – 10–20%. The maple stands of the North Caucasus – a special type of forest formations. The peculiarity is manifested not only in the structure of phytocoenoses, but also in the ways of self-renewing. Object of research – pure and mixed maple stands in some areas of North Ossetia-Alania. The properties are located in various mountainous terrain and at different heights above sea level from 1100 to 1900 m. The aim of the study is to establish the characteristics of the seed the resumption of the maple stands growing in the upper belt of forests spread in the Northern Caucasus. To achieve this goal setting time of flowering and ripening of seeds on vertical zones distribution dominated. The abundance of flowering and the average score of fruiting was established by V.G. Capper. Biometric characteristics of the seeds was determined by the tracts in three replicates. Accounting for the undergrowth was carried out on a circular experimental plots at 10 m2, in accordance with the method of A.V. Grashkin. It is established that the flowering maple Trautvetter begins may 10–14 and ends in the third week of may. Seeds begin to ripen by late August – early September. The timing of subsidence of the stretched seed. Some of the seeds falls to the ground before the leaves, so they are trapped under the litter. These seeds quickly lose their germination, vypivaet. The other part falls along with the leaves. The third category of seeds (the light) stay on the trees until December and even till spring. Natural regeneration of maple seeds under the canopy of parent stand is very difficult due to the strong grass cover. In forest stands with dense canopy, proportion of flowering and fruit-bearing trees is 2–3%, and the average score of fruiting is 1.3. The illumination on the surface of the soil does not exceed 100 Lux, i. e. 0.2–0.3% of the light in the open, at a height of 1.3 m (on grass) the lighting is slightly higher, from 1.2 to 1.6 thousand Suite. Under the canopy of the forest the undergrowth is dominated by vegetative origin. At the upper boundary of the maple forest, saplings of seed origin occurs in Windows, clearings and open places in the number 430–630 ind./ha. In height dominated by large undergrowth of 50–60%, the share of small – 10–20%.


Author(s):  
Emin Vagif Mammadov

The article is dedicated to the analysis of archeological excavation as a result of researches discovered in the Mingachevir conducted in the middle of the 20th century of the different type of underground burials of the ancient period. These burials are covered the significant historical period from the second half of the 1st millenium and the first century AD and are the important source of the scientific information on many issues of material and spiritual culture of the population of Caucasus Albania. Underground burials of the ancient period in the Mingachevir zone by the method of placing the deceased in them are divided into three types: 1) burials with a backbone stretched out on the back; 2) burials with a weakly crouched skeleton on the left or right side; 3) burials with a heavily crouched skeleton on the left or right side. The article gives a detailed analysis of all these three types of burials. The author of the article, along with a number of other researchers come to the conclusion that the first type of underground burial is considered to be innovation for the whole of the South Caucasus and its emergence is associated with the penetration of mobile tribes from the North Caucasus in particular the Scythian. Part of these Scythians finally settled in the Mingachevir zone and subsequently merged with the local population, which eventually leads to the appearance of a second type of underground burial in the form of underground graves with poorly crouched skeleton. The third type of underground burial of Mingachevir (Samunis) of the ancient period, namely burials with a heavily crouched skeleton belong to local autochthonous tribes, consolidation of which became the basis for the formation of the state of Caucasian Albania in the 4th – 3rd centuries BC. This type of underground burial has deep local roots and is based on centuries-old local funerary rituals.


2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-501
Author(s):  
A. V. Borisov ◽  
I. V. Kovda ◽  
A. B. Belinskii ◽  
S. V. Lyakhov ◽  
V. A. Demkin
Keyword(s):  

POPULATION ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Yelena V. Ryumina

According to the previously developed typology of Russian regions by the criteria of population quality, the regions were divided into ten groups. A detailed analysis of each group allows determining possible ways to improve the quality of the population in the Russian regions. This article begins to present the cycle of such studies with the analysis of three smallest groups: the first group includes Moscow and St. Petersburg, the second — the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Chechen Republic, the third — Nenets, Khanty-Mansi, Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The first group of regions is the most prosperous in terms of quality characteristics of the population, here the main problem is the low natural growth of the population. The specificity of the North Caucasus republics in this aspect lies in high indicators of population quality with low material living standards that contradicts the previously statistically confirmed hypothesis of strong impact of quality of life on population quality. The conclusion has been made about high importance of national culture and traditions in these regions. At the same time, comparison of these republics among themselves has shown that traditions in some of them are weakening, and more attention should be paid to economic factors — monetary income, poverty and unemployment rates. These problems in the North Caucasus regions are in line with the theory of multilevel economy, and their solution requires restructuring of the economy on the basis of its technological and technical re-equipment. In the third group, on the contrary, high monetary income is accompanied by poor qualitative characteristics of the population, especially by rates of alcoholism and drug addiction. These phenomena are correlated with the level of unemployment, the growth of which is caused not only by the global crisis processes in the development of the oil and gas sector, but also by the depletion of highly profitable deposits in the Northern regions of the country, the need to develop hard-to-reach and hardly removable sources of oil and gas. The solution may be to change the structure of the economy of these regions in the direction of development of the natural raw materials processing sector.


Author(s):  
Vitaly Proskurin

The article presents the results of an integrated assessment of the landscape and recreational potential (hereinafter referred to as LPR) of the territory of the Central Caucasus using GIS technologies. Landscapes located within the Central Caucasus are of particular interest for the development of recreation and tourism. In the territory of the Central Caucasus, there has not been an assessment of the LPR of landscapes before. The process of assessing the PSR was performed using the Quantum GIS, zoning for certain types of tourism was also performed in Quantum GIS. The borders of the Central Caucasus were drawn and clarified. The displayed boundaries of groups of landscapes, which are located within the Central Caucasus. The method of assessment of landscape LPR is justified, which is based on a ball approach that allows taking into account natural resources for the development of certain types of recreation. To calculate each indicator and visualize the results of the study, the method of cartograms was used. When analyzing individual landscape components, the method of 5 km-side hexagonal operators was used. After calculating the main indicators for each polygon, we classified each component (layer) into 5 classes (points). The Jenkens natural boundary algorithm was used for classification. All evaluation factors were calculated for each operating cell. Individual components of the landscape have different significance for the development of certain types of tourism. We introduced a weighting coefficient for each landscape component and estimated its impact on a specific type of tourism. The weighting coefficient is calculated based on a survey of experts in the field of tourism and recreation. An integral assessment of the landscape and recreational potential of groups of landscapes in the Central Caucasus has been carried out, which allows us to identify zones of various degrees of favorability in the landscapes for certain types of tourism (mountaineering, trekking, rafting, and skiing). The result of the component-by-component assessment of landscapes was a combined map of landscape and recreational potential of landscape groups in the Central Caucasus. The zoning of landscapes allows us to determine the vectors of tourism development in municipalities located within the Central Caucasus, as well as depressed territories. According to the obtained data of the integrated assessment, the conclusion is made about the most promising landscapes in which it is necessary to develop various tourist destinations. The received data must be taken into account in the territorial planning documents. The selected zones in the landscapes of potential development of various types of tourism, with appropriate solutions, will create a more competitive environment in the republics of the North Caucasus.


2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (96) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asko Parpola

Finnish vatsa ‘stomach’ < PFU *vaćća < Proto-Indo-Aryan *vatsá- ‘calf’ < PIE *vet-(e)s-ó- ‘yearling’ contrasts with Finnish vasa- ‘calf’ < Proto-Iranian *vasa- ‘calf’. Indo-Aryan -ts- versus Iranian -s- reflects the divergent development of PIE *-tst- in the Iranian branch (> *-st-, with Greek and Balto-Slavic) and in the Indo-Aryan branch ( > *-tt-, probably due to Uralic substratum). The split of Indo-Iranian can be traced in the archaeological record to the differentiation of the Yamnaya culture in the North Pontic and Volga steppes respectively during the third millennium BCE, due to the use of separate sources of metal: the Iranian branch was dependent on the North Caucasus, while the Indo-Aryan branch was oriented towards the Urals. It is argued that the Abashevo culture of the Mid-Volga-Kama-Belaya basins and the Sejma-Turbino trade network (2200–1900 BCE) were bilingual in Proto-Indo-Aryan and PFU, and introduced the PFU as the basis of West Uralic (Volga-Finnic) into the Netted Ware Culture of the Upper Volga-Oka (1900–200 BCE).


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1070-1076
Author(s):  
N.N. Doguzova ◽  

Among perennial leguminous grasses, the leading place is occupied by alfalfa, which has valuable biological characteristics and economically useful traits, which have great potential and prospects for use. Alfalfa is grown in more than 80 countries of the world on an area of over 35 million hectares, in various climatic and ecological conditions and on a variety of soils. Alfalfa increases soil fertility as a result of nitrogen accumulation. Alfalfa provides high-protein feed, carbohydrates, mineral salts, including trace elements, in terms of nutrient content. Alfalfa, like other perennial legumes, is used for hay, grass flour, and green mass. Alfalfa contains a lot of lysine, and in terms of the content of essential amino acids, it surpasses corn, sorghum, soybeans, barley and a number of other crops. In recent years, the acreage of alfalfa has been expanding, the demand for seeds is increasing, but their production remains at a low level. The aim of the study is to study various varieties of alfalfa, in order to create varieties that are resistant to biotic and abiotic to stress environmental factors for cultivation in the North Caucasus. According to research, it was established that Sinegibridnaya and Kizlyarskaya alfalfa varieties surpassed other varieties by 4-6% in terms of height and green mass. The higher productivity among the tested alfalfa varieties was possessed by the Kizlyarskaya variety, in which the yield indicators were most successfully combined with height and green mass.


2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. N. Urbanavichene ◽  
G. P. Urbanavichus

New data on lichen flora of the Stavropol Territory (Central Caucasus) are provided. Study of four protected natural areas of the Stavropol Territory — «Lermontova Skala» and «Mashuk Mountain» natural monuments, and «Beshtaugorskiy» and «Malyy Essentuchok» sanctuaries resulted in finding of 279 species: 258 species of lichens, 18 species of lichenicolous fungi and 3 species of non-lichenized saprobic fungi. Among them Bacidia notarisiana, Buelliella minimula, Pertusaria pluripuncta, Protoparmelia memnonia, Psorotichia vermiculata, Rebentischia massalongii are new for Russia, 23 species are new for Caucasus, 25 species for the North Caucasus, 164 species for the Central Caucasus and 225 species are new for the Stavropol Territory.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
R.I. Dzuev ◽  
◽  
R.K. Sabanova ◽  
A.A. Evgazhukova ◽  
E.Z. Irugova ◽  
...  

This paper describes for the first time the chromosome set of stone marten in the North Caucasus from two disconnected points. The karyotype did not show polymorphism, both in number and morphology of autosomes and heterochromosomes. In a double set contains 38 chromosomes. In addition, new data on distribution based on the cadastral map, which is compiled on karyologically dated material, taking into account the altitudinal-belt structure of mountain landscapes, is presented. Also, new materials on the dynamics of numbers taking into account the habitat, as well as current trends of anthropogenic changes in the structure of the stone marten habitat in the northern macro slope of the Central Caucasus. The study showed that stone marten is a very plastic species and can inhabit the territory of the northern macro slope of the Central Caucasus and that, in the presence of food and suitable shelters in almost all biotopes, including anthropogenic. The number of stone marten in the study area is highest in the forest-steppe and subalpine zones.


Zoosymposia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-114
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR I. LANTSOV

Ormosia (Ormosia) hederae (Curtis, 1835) (Limoniidae) and Dicranota (Paradicranota) minuta Lackschewitz, 1940 (Pediciidae) are new for Russia. The first species is new for the North Caucasus, the second one and  Dicranomyia (Idiopyga) halterella Edwards, 1921 (Limoniidae) are new to the Caucasus. The material was collected in the Rtsyvashki valley (the Central Caucasus). Data on species ecology were presented.


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