Socio-engineering arrangement of the village — the basis of rural development

The article analyzes the number, employment and dynamics of monetary income of the population of the Orenburg region for a long-term period. The production of social and engineering arrangement of rural territories of the region for a number of years is analyzed in detail. Negative destructive changes and trends in employment and social development of rural areas are revealed. The directions of improvement and dynamic development of agricultural production, rural areas, and employment of the rural population are proposed.

Consumer behavior in conditions of changing monetary income and prices

The change in monetary income has a great influence on the behavior and reaction of the consumer, with an increase in income, his share spent on basic necessities decreases, while the share of spending on luxury goods and on spiritual development increases.

Wages in Russia in 2015-2021

The article presents analysis of the wage dynamics in the Russian Federation in 2015-2020 and the first half of 2021. In 2018 Russia changed the methodology for calculating separate items in the Balance sheet of the population monetary income and expenses. This concerned, among other things, the item of payment for work, from which hidden (officially unaccounted for) wages and other cash receipts were excluded, and payroll fund of employees in organizations was singled out. Besides, Rosstat developed methods for estimating average wages of all employees (working in organizations, for individual entrepreneurs, farmers and individuals) and published the results for 2015-2021. The article also presents author's estimation of the average wages of employees working for individual entrepreneurs, farmers, and individuals in 2018-2020. In 2020 average wages of these categories of workers made 72.9% of the average wages of all employees and 60.2% of the employed in organizations. Due to lack of official data on the wage differentiation of all employees, the article provides variants of its estimation for 2017-2019 using primary data from SSPI. Low wages of those working for individual entrepreneurs, farmers and individuals serve as a factor of higher earnings inequality of all categories of employees. In 2019 R/P 10% ratio made by different calculation algorithms 18.5 and 15.7 times against 13 times for those employed in organizations. There are provided results on the impact of the minimum wage on the level and differentiation of wages.

Analysis of monetary income of the population: time challenge

The article presents a theoretical and practical view of the income category; the concept of a household is considered. The analysis of the composition and structure of the monetary income of Russians in the whole country in the period from 2015 to 2019 is carried out and the regional aspect is presented: Nizhny Novgorod region population’s monetary income for this period is analyzed. On the basis of a comparative analysis of all-Russian trends in the composition and structure of population’s monetary income and the situation in the region, the current state of monetary income certain types individuals and the economic behavior of Russians is characterized. The author uses the methodology of the statistical survey of the population of Rosstat in the analysis of each Russians monetary income component; points out its disadvantages. The analysis of the composition and various components structure of Russians monetary income allows us to place emphasis on the sources of population’s monetary income in a market economy. The author highlights the income from entrepreneurial activity and emphasizes their importance in the market economy; considers the entrepreneurial activity of Russians in dynamics. The article provides a detailed analysis of the income from property indicator of the population of the country and in the Nizhny Novgorod region and justifies the most significant source of additional funds for the population at present. A critical assessment of the revealed dynamics of each population's monetary income component and the possibility of strengthening state structures control over the income and expenses of individuals is given.

The development budget and its role in the implementation of the region’s investment policy

Realizing the role of investments for the implementation of the policy of economic growth and increasing the monetary income and savings of the population, it is proposed to develop the development budget in the regions as an independent target monetary fund as part of the consolidated budget of the subject of the Russian Federation and a tool for activating investment processes. The authors substantiate two options for the formation of its income based on the state of the economic potential of the region and inter-budgetary relations in the country. The article argues for the need to reflect in the development budget tax expenditures corresponding to the amount of incentive tax benefits provided by the sub-federal government to investors. The analysis of the forms of state support for investment projects in the Rostov region that are in demand by business – tax incentives, “engineering” subsidies, special investment contracts-allowed us to formulate a set of measures to improve tax legislation. The full functioning of the development budget is impossible without its consolidation in the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, as well as simplification of the mechanisms for providing tax instruments that stimulate investment processes, maintaining the stability of tax legislation, and expanding the tax independence of the state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

Dynamics of the Consumer Spending Multiplier As a Reference Point for the State's Economic Policy in Difficult Economic Conditions

In difficult economic conditions, it is important to choose effective tools for state regulation of economic processes that take into account the goals, state and capabilities of the regulator. The article presents an assessment of the sensitivity of the dynamics of consumer spending to changes in the monetary income of the population in order to consider the possibility of further use of this parameter in the system of measures to stabilize the national economy. The dependence of the multiplier of expenditures and the rate of gross production in the country is revealed. The variants of state intervention adequate to modern economic conditions are proposed.

The Material Well-being of Russians: Intergenerational Differentiation

The article is devoted to the problems of the material well-being of the Russian population. It presents the research results that continues the author's developments on the assessment of inequality in the distribution of the population by monetary income and housing provision. This study aimed to identify and analyse the inequality of material well-being in the aspect of intergenerational differentiation. The authors relied on the normative methodology for identifying material well-being based on the original system of social standards of monetary income and housing provision. The assessments based on data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) (28th round, 2019). Data on the existing inequality in material well-being identified by social standards under three distribution models — one-criterion (monetary income, housing provision) and two-criterion (joint distribution according to the criteria of material well-being) — for three generations: youth, middle, and older generation. According to the results of the study, those who live in households with dependents (children, nonworking members of households) are the most vulnerable in terms of material well-being characteristics, and, on the contrary, those who live alone or from small households (2 people) are in the best position. At different “poles” of the material well-being are the young people living separately with children and the older generation — living alone or married couples. The results obtained in the course of the study can be used to increase the validity of social policy and develop targeted measures differentiated relative to different generations of Russians and their socio-demographic groups based on indicators of the actual distribution of material well-being — monetary income and/or housing provision.

The Staged Financing Selection Mechanism for Government to Maximize the Green Benefits of Start-Ups

In this study, we investigate the most common forms of government grant in green start-ups, which are appropriation, interest-free bank loans, and tax subsidies. These mechanisms are used to mitigate the problem of higher research costs and sunk costs of start-ups on green innovation and help venture investors better monitor the business plan, asset use, and agency cost and regularly collect information of start-ups to retain the right to terminate financing projects and improve the efficiency of them. The aim of this work is to develop a theoretical model of the agency among the government, the venture capitalists who only pursue monetary income, the strategy investors who pursue strategic objectives and monetary income, and the entrepreneur who takes into account both the influence of different forms of government grant on entrepreneur financing at a different stage and the improved monitoring process of venture investors owe to the staged capital infusion of government. The model shows that the optimal staged financing decision is given when the first target of the government is to achieve social welfare optimization and the secondary goal of maximizing green benefits. Moreover, the model explains the optimal staged financing decision of venture investors and equity stake share in different rounds. Ultimately, we find the optimal staged financing portfolios for green start-ups to acquire venture investment, reduce the staged financing uncertainty, and help the government realize a national green innovation strategy.

Assessing the living standards of the population of Russia's regions based on a cluster analysis

Subject. We consider the distribution of Russian regions by the standard of living of the population. Objectives. The study aims at clustering the subjects of the Russian Federation by standard of living indicator, and describing the specifics of the clusters. Methods. We apply the cluster analysis with the help of the STATISTICA 12 software package. The clustering of Russian regions by selected indicator of living standards rests on the k-means clustering method. Results. The study identifies five clusters of regions, i.e. those with low, below-average, medium, above-average, and high living standards. The clustering is based on certain indicators of living standards, like per capita monetary income, nominal average monthly wage, average size of pension awarded, minimum wage, life expectancy at birth, the Gini coefficient, consumption expenditure per household member on average, the share of expenditures on food in the structure of consumer expenditure, and others. Conclusions. Based on the cluster analysis of living standards of Russian regions, we identify five clusters, to which it is appropriate to apply a differentiated State policy for regulating the household income.

ANALYSIS OF POVERTY IN MODERN RUSSIA

Статья посвящена острой и актуальной проблеме экономического развития современной России - увеличивающейся бедности населения. Цель исследования - проанализировать степень социального неравенства и провести структурный анализ бедности. Автором рассмотрены основные подходы к измерению бедности статистическими органами, а также показан рост доли малоимущего населения, начиная с 2013 г. по сегодняшний день. Отмечается увеличение неравенства денежных доходов, рост бедности в сельских населенных пунктах, в семьях с детьми, показаны различия в уровне бедности по федеральным округам. Проанализировано влияние глобальной пандемии COVID-2019 на экономику и социальную структуру и появление нового понятия «работающий бедный». Сделан вывод о неотложной необходимости проведения политики преодоления бедности для решения текущих и будущих задач, стоящих перед нашей страной. Научная новизна проведенного исследования состоит в проведении комплексного анализа факторов и процессов, влияющих на увеличение бедности населения в современной России. The article is devoted to the acute and urgent problem of the economic development of modern Russia - the increasing poverty of the population. The purpose of the study is to analyze the degree of social inequality and to conduct a structural analysis of poverty. The author examines the main approaches to measuring poverty by statistical agencies, and also shows the growth of the share of the poor population, starting from 2013 to the present day. The article notes an increase in the inequality of monetary income, an increase in poverty in rural localities, in families with children, and shows differences in the level of poverty in federal districts. The article analyzes the impact of the global COVID-2019 pandemic on the economy and social structure and the emergence of a new concept of "working poor". It is concluded that it is urgently necessary to implement a policy of overcoming poverty in order to address the current and future challenges facing our country. The scientific novelty of the study consists in conducting a comprehensive analysis of the factors and processes that affect the increase in poverty in modern Russia.