Language situation and status of languages in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania

The article substantiates the socio-economic and cultural-historical introduction of the Ossetians to the Russian language, which is considered as the result of the natural development of the standard of living of the highlanders. The aim of the study is to consider the history and characteristics of national-Russian bilingualism, the role of language interaction in the formation of a bilingual personality, society, identification of deformed linguistic processes that led to both the loss of the function of language proficiency and its use in everyday life, as well as measures that contribute to the revival of native language. The article emphasizes that the Russian language has become a civilizing factor that has significantly accelerated the development of the spiritual culture of the mountaineers, that it, along with the Ossetian language, is recognized as the state language of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania as a language of interethnic communication, it is provided with free functioning throughout the republic. The work also focuses on the ethno-demographic composition of the population, emphasizes the polyethnicity of the region, which contributes to the strengthening of the role of the Russian language as a language of interethnic communication. During the 20th century, a sharp delimitation of the functions of the Russian and native languages leads to a weakening of the role of the national language, which exposes it to the threat of extinction. Loss of language entails a loss of self-awareness, culture, perception of the world, as well as the loss of self-identification. According to the authors, the republic itself needs to be concerned about the widespread use and all-round development of the native language in national government bodies, public organizations of science, culture, education, health care and the service sector. We need to work with those native speakers who do not consider it prestigious to communicate in their native language in the family, do not try to pass it on to the next generation: the lack of linguistic continuity is destructive. To preserve the language in the context of globalization, the authors propose to strengthen the role of the state and society, to consolidate the efforts of scientists, statesmen and public figures in order to influence the activities of the media to preserve the language and culture; direct their efforts towards harmonious bilingualism.

Assessment of the Impact of Road Traffic on the Pollution of Urbanized Territories

Экономическое развитие всех регионов основано на доступе людей к товарам и услугам, которые обеспечиваются современной транспортной инфраструктурой. Автомобильный транспорт является основным способом транспортировки грузов и населения. В то же время положительные аспекты использования транспорта тесно связаны с такими негативными аспектами, как загрязнение окружающей среды и отрицательным влиянием на здоровье человека. На территории Республики Северная Осетия - Алания наибольший вклад в загрязнение окружающей среды вносит деятельность предприятий цветной металлургии и автотранспорта. Более 30 предприятий находится в промышленном узле г. Владикавказа, и их деятельность в той или иной мере связана с загрязнением атмосферного воздуха. Значительный вклад в загрязнение воздуха вносит автотранспорт, количество которого в г. Владикавказе, по данным Федеральной службы государственной статистики, за последние 20 лет увеличилось более чем в 2 раза. Цель исследования. Изучение основных источников загрязнения окружающей среды автомобильным транспортом, исследование взаимосвязей между уровнем загрязнения среды, интенсивностью движения и экологическим классом автомобильного транспорта. Установление показателя загрязнения окружающей среды автомобильным транспортом, характеризующего степень воздействия на окружающую среду и здоровье населения. Методы исследования. В ходе настоящей работы были собраны и проанализированы все имеющиеся данные по динамике объемов выбросов от стационарных источников и автотранспорта на территории РСО-А за 1997–2015 гг. Указанные данные обрабатывались с помощью корреляционного и регрессионного анализов. Результаты работы. Результаты исследований позволили установить, что прослеживается прямая зависимость или тренд между плотностью потока машин и загрязнением воздушной среды. Установлено, что выбросы от автомобильного транспорта на порядок превосходят стационарные источники. Предложен суммарный показатель Zатм загрязнения атмосферного воздуха, рассчитываемый как сумма отношений концентрации отдельных загрязнителей к соответствующим значениям ПДК за вычетом количества используемых показателей. The economic development of any country is based on the access of population to goods and services that are provided by modern transport infrastructure. Currently, road transport is the most common way of transporting goods and people. At the same time, the positive aspects of using transport are closely related to such negative aspects as environmental pollution and negative impact on public health. On the territory of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the largest contribution to environmental pollution is made by the activities of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises and vehicles. More than 30 enterprises are located in the industrial hub of the city of Vladikavkaz, and their activities to one degree or another are associated with atmospheric air pollution. A significant contribution to air pollution is made by motor vehicles.Their number in Vladikavkaz has more than doubled over the past 20 years, according to the Federal State Statistics Service. Aim. Study of the main sources of pollution of an urbanized area by road transport. The research and identification of the relationship between the level of environmental pollution, traffic intensity and the ecological class of road transport and the establishment of an indicator of environmental pollution by road transport, characterizing the degree of impact on the environment and safety of the population. Methods. In the course of this study, all the available data on the dynamics of emissions from stationary sources and vehicles on the territory of North Ossetia-A for 1997–2015 were collected and analyzed. These data were processed using correlation and regression analyzes. Results.The research results made it possible to establish that there is a direct relationship or trend between the flow density of cars and air pollution. It was found that emissions from road transport exceed stationary sources by an order of magnitude. A total indicator Zatm of atmospheric air pollution is proposed, calculated as the sum of the ratios of the concentration of individual pollutants to the corresponding MPC values minus the number of indicators used.

Reliquary Cross with Niello from the Upper Dzulat Hillfort in North Ossetia

The present paper deals with the results of the study of manufacturing technique and metal chemical composition carried out for encolpia nielloed cross dated to the end of the 12th – early 13th from the North Caucasus. Analytical results were obtained with a scanning electron microscope equipped with micro ED-XRF in low-vacuum conditions. An eightpointed cross filled with niello was depicted on the survive valve of encolpia. The Christ letter monograms encrusted with niello were made on the cross rounded terminals. Reliquary cross could have been cast in piece-mould made by the impression of previously made encolpia valve. High-tin gunmetal (Sn –17,5%) was used for encolpia production. Recessions for niello were made by casting and left without further treatment. Niello composition comprises copper, tin, and lead sulfides. Sulfur content obtained for several samples exceed 30%. The copper-based niello was more available and cheaper than silver-based composition. It has been widely used for production of the Old Russian pectoral crosses cast of bronze or brass. Manufacturing technique, metal composition, and peculiar niello recipe put encolpia cross from the Upper Dzulat hillfort on a par with widespread Old Russian reliquary crosses dated to the 12th – 13th centuries. There were prestigious but serial items made of cheap copper alloys decorated with cheap niello made without silver. The Old Russian origin of encolpia from the North Caucasus proves by the long list of analogies from the territories of Ukraine, Crimea, Bryansk, Suzdal and Ryazan Lands.

NORTH OSSETIA IN THE SYSTEM OF THE SOVIET STATEHOOD: THE CONSTITUTION OF THE NOASSR OF 1978

В статье предлагается анализ Конституции Северо-Осетинской АССР 1978 г., отразившей этап развития ее государственности в советский период. Научное осмысление правовых аспектов истории Северной Осетии в статусе автономной республики, анализ ее места и роли в системе советской государственности во многом объясняет противоречия в реализации органами государственной власти республики функций политического самоуправления в эпоху «застоя» и «кризиса социализма». Анализ показывает, что декретированный ранней советской властью национальный суверенитет народов, населяющих советскую Россию, не нашел правового подтверждения в Конституции СССР 1977 г., на основе и в соответствии с которой были разработаны и приняты Конституции РСФСР и входящих в нее автономных республик, в том числе и СОАССР. Фиксация статуса автономной республики в качестве государственного образования без признания ее государственного суверенитета ограничивало пределы компетенции республиканских органов власти и управления и ставило их в фактическую зависимость от вышестоящих властно-управленческих структур даже в решении вопросов, отнесенных к ведению автономной республики. Все это вместе взятое превращало автономную республику в «квазигосударственное образование», высшие государственные органы которой действовали в режиме «местной власти». Противоречивые конституционные положения 1977-1978 гг., закрепленные в Основных законах СССР, РСФСР и СОАССР, стали одним из факторов деструкции советской власти и социалистической системы и последующего затем «парада суверенитетов» бывших автономных образований в пределах РСФСР. The article analyzes the 1978 Constitution of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which reflected the stage of development of its statehood relevant to the Soviet period. Scientific comprehension of the legal aspects of the history of North Ossetia in the status of an autonomous republic, an analysis of its place and role within the system of the Soviet statehood largely accounts for the contradictions in the implementation by the republican state institutions of the functions of political self-government in the era of "stagnation" and "crisis of socialism". Analysis shows that the national sovereignty of the peoples inhabiting Soviet Russia, that was decreed by the early Soviet government, did not find legal confirmation in the USSR Constitution of 1977, on the basis and in accordance with which the Constitution of the RSFSR and its autonomous republics, including NOASSR, were elaborated and adopted. Fixing the status of the autonomous republic as a state entity without recognizing its state sovereignty limited the competence of the republican authorities and made them in fact dependent on the higher power structures even in resolving issues attributed to the jurisdiction of the autonomous republic. All this taken together turned the autonomous republic into a "quasi-state entity", the highest state bodies of which operated in the regime of "local power". Contradictory constitutional provisions of 1977-1978, enshrined in the Fundamental Laws of the USSR, RSFSR and NOASSR, became one of the factors of the destruction of the Soviet power and the socialist system and the subsequent “parade of sovereignties” of the former autonomous entities within the RSFSR.

NORTH OSSETIA DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR IN REGIONAL HISTORIOGRAPHY

В статье представлены итоги изучения истории Северной Осетии в годы Великой Отечественной войны в осетинской историографии. Выделяются два периода, различающиеся методологическими подходами, репрезентативностью источниковой базы, тематикой и степенью разработанности отдельных вопросов общественно-политической жизни и функционирования экономики республики в военные годы. Первый период изучения проблемы начался уже в годы войны и продолжался до конца 1980-х гг. Начало второму периоду положено с распадом советского государства в 1990-е гг. Работы военных лет были публицистичны и носили в целом пропагандистский характер. В последующие годы по мере накопления документальных материалов изучение вопросов, связанных с историей участия Северной Осетии в войне, получило научную основу, определился тематический диапазон исследуемой проблемы. В работах историков раскрывались вопросы военно-мобилизационной деятельности республиканских партийных и государственных органов по перестройке народного хозяйства Северной Осетии на военный лад, использования природных, материальных и людских ресурсов для укрепления обороноспособности страны, проведения конкретных мероприятий по организации обороны в период боевых сражений и оккупации части территории республики. В научных исследованиях освещались самоотверженный труд народа в тылу и героизм на фронтах, в партизанских отрядах и европейском движении сопротивления, участие в патриотическом движении оказания помощи фронту. Во втором периоде изучения темы предметом исследовательского интереса стали религиозный и этнополитический факторы, использовавшиеся в пропагандистских целях в национальной политике СССР и фашистской Германии, борьба с бандитизмом и дезертирством, коллаборационизм и причины его возникновения. Однако многие вопросы, в частности повседневная жизнь людей, социальная и психологическая адаптация человека в чрезвычайных условиях военного времени остались за пределами научных изысканий. The article presents the results of studying the history of North Ossetia during the Great Patriotic War in Ossetian historiography. Two periods are distinguished, differing in methodological approaches, representativeness of the source base, subject matter and degree of elaboration of certain issues of social and political life and the functioning of the republic's economy during the war years. The first period of studying the problem began already during the war years and lasted until the end of the 1980s. The second period began with the collapse of the Soviet state in the 1990s. The works of the war years were publicistic and were generally propagandistic in nature. In subsequent years, as documentary materials were accumulated, the study of issues related to the history of North Ossetia's participation in the war received a scientific basis, and the thematic range of the problem under study was determined. In the works of historians, the issues of the military mobilization activities of the republican party and state bodies for the restructuring of the national economy of North Ossetia on a military basis, the use of natural, material and human resources to strengthen the country's defense capability, the implementation of specific measures to organize defense during the period of combat battles and the occupation of part of the territory republics. The scientific research highlighted the selfless labor of the people in the rear and heroism at the fronts, in partisan detachments and the European resistance movement, participation in the patriotic movement to assist the front. In the second period of studying the topic, the subject of research interest was religious and ethnopolitical factors used for propaganda purposes in the national policy of the USSR and Nazi Germany, the fight against banditry and desertion, collaboration and the reasons for its occurrence. However, the important issues of everyday life of people, social and psychological adaptation of a person in the emergency conditions of wartime remained outside the scope of scientific research.

ON THE WAY TO STATE AUTONOMY: THE FIRST CONSTITUTION

В статье анализируется Конституция СОАССР 1937 г. как один из важнейших документов по Новейшей истории Северной Осетии, впервые определивший ее самостоятельный государственно-политический статус в качестве советской автономной республики в составе РСФСР. В поиске форм национального самоопределения Северная Осетия несколько раз меняла свой статус: будучи рядовой территориально-административной единицей в административной системе позднеимперской России, Осетия и после утверждения советской власти оказалась включена в окружную модель территориального устройства Горской АССР. Лишь после упразднения Горской республики Северной Осетии был придан статус автономной области в составе России с несколько расширенной административной самостоятельностью, хотя и довольно ограниченным объемом полномочий, распространявшихся преимущественно на хозяйственно-культурную сферу. Однако именно тогда Северная Осетия впервые сформировала собственные устойчивые и жизнеспособные органы власти и управления, деятельность которых регулировалась союзным и республиканским (РСФСР) законодательством. Новый этап развития североосетинской государственности пришелся на вторую половину 1930-х гг., когда новая Конституция СССР объявила ряд бывших национальных автономных областей, в том числе и Северо-Осетинскую АО, автономными республиками и предоставила им правовые основания для принятия собственных конституций, наделив их таким образом государственно-политическим статусом. Сравнительный анализ конституций СССР, РСФСР и СОАССР показывает, что организационно-правовые основы национальной государственности, закрепленные в конституции СОАССР, формулировались исходя из приоритета общесоюзной и российской конституций, хотя и с учетом местных особенностей. В то же время первая советская конституция Северной Осетии, принятая ее собственным законодательным органом и определяющая правовые основы политической автономии, ознаменовала завершение процесса становления национальной государственности Северной Осетии и открыла новую страницу ее социально-политической истории. The article analyzes the Constitution of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of 1937 as one of the most important documents on the recent history of North Ossetia, which firstly defined its independent state-political status as a Soviet autonomous republic within the RSFSR. In the search for forms of national self-determination, North Ossetia changed its status several times: being an ordinary territorial-administrative unit in the administrative system of late imperial Russia, Ossetia, even after the approval of Soviet power, was included in the district model of the territorial structure of the Mountain ASSR. Only after the abolition of the Mountain Republic, North Ossetia has got the status of an autonomous region within Russia with somewhat expanded administrative self-dependence, albeit with a rather limited scope of powers that extended mainly to the economic and cultural sphere. However, just then North Ossetia for the first time formed its stable and viable power and administrative institutions, the activities of which were regulated by union and republican (RSFSR) legislation. A new stage in the development of North Ossetian statehood fell on the second half of the 1930s, when the new Constitution of the USSR declared the granting of the status of autonomous republics to the former national autonomous regions, including the North Ossetian Autonomous Region, and provided them with legal grounds for adopting their own constitutions, and so endowed them of state and political status. A comparative analysis of the constitutions of the USSR, RSFSR and NOASSR shows that the organizational and legal foundations of national statehood, enshrined in the Constitution of the NOASSR, were formulated based on the priority of the all-Union and Russian constitutions, albeit taking into account local specifics. At the same time, the first Soviet constitution of North Ossetia, adopted by its legislative institution and defining the legal foundations of political autonomy, marked the end of the process of formation of the national statehood of North Ossetia and opened a new page in its socio-political history.

Interaction of institutions of power and education in North Ossetia in 1920-1930 s у.

В статье рассматриваются проблемы становления педагогического обра- зования в Северной Осетии в первые десятилетия советской власти. Государственная политика в сфере образования проводилась, исходя из экономических и идеологических задач нового политического режима. Политизация общественной жизни, борьба с инако- мыслием, всеобъемлющая идеологическая цензура, абсолютный контроль государства – эти и другие явления данного периода были характерны и для сферы высшего образо- вания. В статье впервые, на основе партийных документов, рассматриваются вопросы взаимодействия органов власти и образования. The article examines the problems of the formation of pedagogical education in North Ossetia in the fi rst decades of Soviet power. The state policy in the fi eld of education was carried out proceeding from the economic and ideological tasks of the new political regime. The politicization of public life, the fi ght against dissent, comprehensive ideological censorship, absolute control of the state: these and other phenomena of this period were characteristic of the sphere of higher education as well. The article, for the fi rst time, on the basis of party documents, examines the issues of interaction between the authorities and education.

Degradation of glaciation of the Kazbek-Dzhimarai mountain cluster and individual glaciers in the river basins Urukh, Ardon, Fiagdon, Gizeldon and Genaldon (territory of North Ossetia- Alania)

Работа направлена на исследование темпов деградации оледенения Центрального Кавказа в пределах Горной Осетии с охватом юго-восточных склонов Казбеко-Джимарайского мас- сива на территории Грузии. Основным методом был выбран сравнительный анализ площадей оле- денения, отображенных на государственных топографических картах М 1 : 50 000, выполненных на основе аэрофотосъемки 1957 года и дешифрированных площадях оледенения на космических сним- ках GOOGL 2020 года для той же территории. В процессе работы были применены математиче- ские приемы, позволившие оценку масштабов деградации площади дневной поверхности отдельных ледово-фирновых образований сопровождать оценкой их объемов и средних мощностей. Полученные результаты для территории Горной Осетии хорошо согласуются с результатами проведения ана- логичных работ на других локальных площадях, как на территории России, так и за рубежом, что свидетельствует о глобальности распространения процесса распада горного оледенения, обуслов- ленном потеплением климата планеты. The work is aimed at studying the rate of degradation of glaciation in the Central Caucasus within Mountain Ossetia, covering the southeastern slopes of the Kazbek-Dzhimarai massif on the territory of Georgia. The main method was a comparative analysis of glacier areas displayed on state topographic maps M 1: 50,000, made on the basis of aerial photography in 1957 and decoded glaciation areas on space images of GOOGL 2020 for the same territory. In the course of the work, mathematical methods were applied that allowed the assessment of the scale of degradation of the day surface area of individual ice-fi rn formations to be accompanied by an assessment of their volumes and average thicknesses. The results obtained for the territory of Mountain Ossetia are in good agreement with the results of similar work in other local areas, both in Russia and abroad, which indicates the globality of the spread of the decay of mountain glaciation caused by the warming of the planet's climate.

Detection of an invasive species Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon, 1855 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Arionidae) in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania

Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon is a serious agricultural pest. Its rapid spread started in the middle of the twentieth century. Currently, its range covers almost all of Western Europe and it is rapidly expanding to the east. A. vulgaris has been recorded in the Baltics, Ukraine, and central Russia; it is also found in the Faroe Islands. In 2009, it was discovered in Russia in the commercial greenhouses of Tver. Now it has spread in the suburbs and Moscow. On the 6th of August 2019, a population of this species was found in the arboretum of Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia which is the first record of A. vulgaris in the Caucasus. Description of the slug’s genitalia is given.

Echinococcosis of dogs in the North Caucasian Subjects (infrastructural, epizootological and sanitary-hygienic analysis)

Based on the official statistics the situation of parasitic diseases in the Russian Federation is still quite unfavorable. The issues of soil contamination with Echinococcus granulosus eggs are understudied that’s why the objective of the research was to study canine echinococcosis which poses a threat to animal and human disease freedom in the North Caucasian countries. Helminthological tests of the guardian dog feces were performed in seven North Caucasian Subjects: the Stavropol Krai, the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic, the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, Republic of North Ossetia −Alania, Republic of Ingushetia, the Chechen Republic, and the Republic of Dagestan. As a result, it was determined that the average frequency index of echinococcosis occurrence was 85.07%. The moderate fecal egg count in 1,400 samples was 22.73 ± 1.49 eggs per 10 grams of dog feces. The data obtained are indicative of the disease unfavourable situation in the Subjects and the zoonosis spread at the regional level. Helminthological tests of 14,000 soil samples from near-village pastures for contamination with tapeworm eggs, including Echinococcus granulosus, showed that the invasion rate in the Stavropol Krai was 65.80%, in Karachay-Cherkessia republic − 79.00%, in Kabardino-Balkaria − 82.60%, in North Ossetia − Alania − 74.65%, in Ingushetia − 88.20%, in Chechnya − 83.75%, in Dagestan − 79.85%. The results obtained testify to the high level of soil contamination with the infective eggs. It was demonstrated that there is a relationship between the distribution of viable Echinococcus granulosus eggs in pasture soils and ecological characteristics of the Subject: the largest number of viable Echinococcus granulosus eggs was observed in submountain areas, fewer eggs were observed in flatlands, and the least number of eggs – in the mountain areas. The number of eggs detected in the soil samples from pastures is indicative of the disease persistence in humans and animals. Results of the helminthological tests of 7,500 soil samples from 119 cattle-driving routes of the North Caucasus demonstrate 100% contamination with parasitic agents which poses a threat of epidemiological and epizootological situation of echinococcosis in the Subject.