scholarly journals Comparison of in situ techniques to evaluate the recovery of indigestible components and the accuracy of digestibility estimates

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan M Adams ◽  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
Luiz F Dias Batista ◽  
Madeline E Rivera ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
In Situ Incubation ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Fecal Recovery ◽  
Internal Marker ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Incubation Method ◽  
Internal Markers

Abstract Indigestible components, including indigestible dry matter (iDM) and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), play an integral role as internal markers for determining ruminal kinetics and digestibility estimations. However, the accuracy of internal markers is dependent upon the incubation technique utilized as bag type (BT) and incubation length (IL) can be significant sources of error. Previous studies have primarily focused on iDM and iNDF as digestibility markers, but few studies have compared digestibility estimates to those of acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA). Therefore, our objective was to investigate the effect of BT (F57, F58, and Dacron) and IL (288 and 576 h) on iDM and iNDF residues, DM and NDF digestibilities, and fecal recoveries when using in situ incubations. Additionally, we evaluated the accuracy of digestibility estimates when using iDM, iNDF, and ADIA. For iDM and iNDF, feed residues demonstrated a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01). However, fecal residues were only influenced by the main effects of BT and IL (P < 0.01), with the F58 BT and 288-h IL having the greatest residues for both iDM and iNDF. The variation in residues was greatly reduced when using iNDF compared with iDM. Fecal recovery estimates most closely approximated 100% recovery when utilizing ADIA and iDM using the F57 × 576 h incubation method (P < 0.01), although recovery was overestimated for all incubation combinations. Fecal NDF recovery estimates better represented the excretion profiles when the F57 × 576 h combination was used with iDM as the internal marker (P < 0.01). Estimates of DM and NDF digestibility were the most accurate when utilizing ADIA (P < 0.01) relative to all other treatments. Our results indicate that the proper methodological application is specific to the purpose of the inferences. When evaluating fecal recoveries and digestibility, ADIA or iDM with F57 at 576-h in situ incubation provides the greatest accuracy.

scholarly journals PSI-35 Comparison of in situ techniques to evaluate the recovery of indigestible components and the accuracy of digestibility estimates

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 254-254
Author(s):  
Jordan Adams ◽  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Surface Area Ratio ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Fecal Recovery ◽  
Internal Marker ◽  
Internal Markers

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the effects of bag type (BT) and incubation length (IL) when using in situ incubations for determination of indigestible components. Indigestible components play an integral role as an internal marker for rumen kinetics and digestibility estimations, as well as providing parameter estimates for nutritional models. However, the accuracy of internal markers is dependent upon the incubation technique utilized, with BT and IL acting as sources of error. A 3 × 2 factorial design was used to investigate the effect of BT (F57, F58, and Dracon) and IL (288 and 576 h) on indigestible dry matter (iDM) and neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) residues, as well as estimated DM and NDF digestibilities. Feed and fecal samples were obtained from two animals from an independent trial that collected total fecal production over 4 days. All bags contained a sample size-to-surface area ratio of 20 mg/cm2 and were ruminally incubated within three rumen-cannulated steers (229.5 ± 10 kg). For iDM and iNDF, feed residues demonstrated a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01). Fecal residues for iDM and iNDF had BT and IL effects (P < 0.01) with the Dracon BT and 576 h IL having the least residues. Digestibility estimates for DM and NDF were influenced by BT × IL (P < 0.01) with the accuracy of estimates demonstrating a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01) in which F57 at 576 h had the greatest accuracy. Resultant fecal recovery estimates for DM and NDF excreted exhibited a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01), with F57 at 576 h better representing the excretion profiles. Based upon our analysis, utilizing the F57 BT at 576 h IL combination provides more accurate estimates relative to all other combinations used within the current study.

Review: Recent advances in evaluation of bags made from different textiles used in situ ruminal degradation

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Neves Pereira Valente ◽  
Edenio Detmann ◽  
Cláudia Batista Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Woven Textile ◽  
Internal Markers

Valente, T. N. P., Detmann, E. and Sampaio, C. B. 2015. Review: Recent advances in evaluation of bags made from different textiles used in situ ruminal degradation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 493–498. Textile bags are used in the laboratory to analyze the indigestible contents (internal markers) of feedstuffs after in situ ruminal incubation. Information is needed on the rate and extent of degradation in the rumen using bags made from different materials. In situ techniques have been used extensively to measure the degradation of feedstuffs in the rumen. However, in situ techniques are prone to variability. This paper reviews the effects of particle size, the material from which bags are made, pore size, tensile strength of the bags, in situ estimation of the levels of indigestible compounds [indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF)], rumen degradation profiles, and the use of bags made from nylon (50 µm), F57 (Ankom®), and non-woven textile (100 g m−2).

0638 Effects of cow and bag type on the undigested neutral detergent fiber after two hundred forty hours in situ incubation

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (suppl_5) ◽  
pp. 304-305
Author(s):  
H. Yang ◽  
Y. Yan ◽  
D. J. Undersander ◽  
D. K. Combs
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Situ Incubation

scholarly journals Evaluation of internal markers as determinants of fecal dry matter output and digestibility in feedlot sheep

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 3331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ícaro Dos Santos Cabral ◽  
José Augusto Gomes Azevêdo ◽  
Douglas Dos Santos Pina ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro Pereira ◽  
Flávio Moreira de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Type I ◽  
Orthogonal Contrasts ◽  
Squared Prediction Error ◽  
Fecal Recovery ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Internal Markers

This study aimed to evaluate the fecal recovery of the internal markers indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) and to compare them as estimators of the fecal dry matter output (FDMO) and digestibility of the dry matter (DM) with values observed in total feces collection in trials with feedlot sheep. For this, 82 sampling units from two experiments were evaluated. Internal markers were quantified in the feed supplied, orts, and feces. The recovery of the markers was determined by the comparison of the amount of marker consumed and excreted. Fecal dry matter output and digestibility were determined based on the amount of marker consumed and on its concentration in the feces through individual collections directly from the rectum of the animals, with values compared with those observed in the total feces collection from orthogonal contrasts. The mean bias, the concordance correlation coefficient, and the mean squared prediction error were also evaluated. For all statistical procedures, the critical level of probability for type-I error was fixed at 0.05. The marker iDM showed complete fecal recovery (100.03%) and was efficient in estimating FDMO (482.9 g day-1) and DM digestibility (542 g kg-1) as compared with the values observed in the total feces collection (454.7 g day-1 and 561 g kg-1 for FDMO and DM digestibility, respectively). The iNDF and iADF markers did not show complete recovery in the feces and were not effective in the estimate of FDMO and DM digestibility.

scholarly journals In situ estimation of indigestible compounds contents in cattle feed and feces using bags made from different textiles

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 666-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Neves Pereira Valente ◽  
Edenio Detmann ◽  
Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho ◽  
Maura da Cunha ◽  
Augusto César de Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Evaluation Procedure ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Loss Of Resistance ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Physical Resistance ◽  
Internal Marker

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate estimates of concentration of indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) in samples of cattle feed and feces processed at different particle sizes (1-, 2-, and 3-mm) using bags made from nylon (50 μm), F57 (Ankom®), and non-woven textile (NWT - 100 g/m²) in a in situ evaluation procedure. Eight samples of concentrates, seven samples of forages and two samples of cattle feces were used. The samples were put in the bags according to a ratio of 20 mg of dry matter/cm² of surface by using three bags of each textile for each size of particle, totaling 405 bags, which were submitted to ruminal incubation for 264 hours. The contents of indigestible compounds in the samples were evaluated sequentially. Blank bags were used for microscopic evaluation of textile physical integrity and for evaluation of the physical resistance. The presence of contaminants caused high variability of results of iDM, indicating that its using as internal marker should not be recommended. By using the textiles F57 and NWT, similar estimates for contents of iNDF and iADF were obtained whereas by using nylon (50 μm), the concentration of iNDF was underestimated, possibly because of loss of particles due to its porosity. Nylon presented loss of resistance in all analytical stages, expanding its probality of rupture, especially after extraction with acid detergent. For in situ evaluation of indigestible compounds, it is suggested grinding samples in 2-mm screen sieves.

scholarly journals In vitro and in situ techniques yield different estimates of ruminal disappearance of barley

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E DeFeo ◽  
Kelsey V Shampoe ◽  
Pedro H V Carvalho ◽  
Flavia A S Silva ◽  
Tara L Felix
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
In Vitro Incubation ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

Abstract Objectives were to compare in vitro and in situ disappearance of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and starch of traditional (unprocessed and rolled) and hulless (unprocessed) barley. Experiment 1: three barley sources were compared using in vitro techniques. The sources were: 1) traditional barley that was not processed, 2) traditional barley processed through a roller mill, and 3) hulless barley that was not processed. For in vitro incubation, each barley source was ground through a 1-mm screen. Ground barley sources were weighed into bags (25 micron porosity) and incubated in ruminal fluid from two steers fed 80% rolled corn for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, or 72 h. Intact bags were assayed for NDF; remaining bags were opened and the residual was removed and analyzed to determine disappearance of DM and starch. Experiment 2: the barley sources used in Exp. 1 were compared using in situ techniques. For in situ analysis, each barley source was ground in a Wiley mill with no screen to mimic mastication. Artificially masticated samples were weighed into Dacron bags (50 ± 10 micron porosity) and incubated in eight ruminally fistulated steers (n = 8) for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Residual contents were analyzed to determine in situ disappearance of DM, NDF, and starch. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures of SAS (9.4 SAS Institute, Cary, NC) with repeated measures. DM disappearance was greatest (P < 0.05) for hulless barley in vitro and for rolled barley in situ, regardless of time postincubation. For both trials, NDF disappearance was greatest (P < 0.05) for hulless barley, regardless of time postincubation. Starch disappearance at all time points was greatest (P < 0.05) for rolled barley in situ. Starch disappearance was greater (P < 0.05) for hulless barley at 6 h of in vitro incubation compared to rolled and unprocessed barley, whereas starch disappearance in vitro was comparable (P = 0.60) between barley sources. When the grains were compared in vitro, minor differences were noted, presumably because barley sources were finely ground prior to incubation. Compared to in vitro estimates, in situ techniques had greater variation in ruminal degradation estimates. Differences observed between in situ and in vitro techniques are driven largely by differences between the procedures. Although laboratory methods are widely used to estimate ruminal degradation, these techniques did not provide comparable estimates of ruminal degradation of barley.

scholarly journals Assessment of in situ techniques to determine indigestible components in the feed and feces of cattle receiving supplemental condensed tannins1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 5016-5026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi ◽  
James P Muir
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Antinutritional Factors ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Incubation Duration

Abstract Reliable assessments of indigestible dietary components are required when using internal markers to estimate diet digestibility and determine the potentially digestible portion of the fiber. The lack of a standardized methodology and understanding of how antinutritional factors influence indigestible residues can result in erroneous estimates with inconsistent variation across trials and among studies. Previous studies have detailed suitable bag porosity and sample size (SS) with incubation length (IL) varying from 96 to 504 h, with many assuming that 288-h IL yields truly indigestible components. Recent studies have primarily investigated the variation that exists among feedstuffs, but most have failed to account for possible effects of secondary compounds. Using 2 similar concentrate diets, one of which contained supplemental condensed tannins (CT), we investigated the effect of bag type (BT; 10 and 25 μm), SS (20 and 40 mg/cm2), and IL (288 and 576 h) on in situ indigestible DM (iDM) and neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) residues of feed and feces, and resultant DM and NDF digestibilities. There were no 3-way interactions (P > 0.05), but 2-way interactions were present for iDM and iNDF residues with BT × SS influencing the control (no CT) ration (P < 0.01), SS × IL impacting feed containing CT (P < 0.01), and BT × IL affecting both feedstuffs (P ≤ 0.01). For the control diet, only BT × SS affected DM and NDF digestibilities. Whereas the CT diet did not demonstrate any significant interactions for digestibilities. Values of iDM were largely influenced by contamination that varied greatly based on intrinsic factors associated with the bag and incubation duration. The presence of CT influenced iDM and iNDF to varying degrees due to possible trapping of CT–substrate complexes. For the control diet, the use of 25-μm bags resulted in lower fecal recoveries relative to the 10 μm (P < 0.01). However, there appears to be a dynamic relationship among BT, SS, and IL within respective diets and sample types that can affect indigestible components and resultant digestibility estimates. Based on simulations from these data, the sample size required to attain 90% power when utilizing 2 incubation animals exceeds the triplicate and quadruplicate replications commonly utilized. Further emphasizing the necessity for a more complete understanding of incubation dynamics to design biologically and statistically valid investigations.

Fabrication Technologies and Applications of Graphene-based co-polymeric Nano-composites: its challenges and Future works

2019 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratik Chhapia ◽  
Harshad Patel
Keyword(s):  
Review Paper ◽  
Polymeric Coating ◽  
Nano Composites ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Electrical And Optical Properties ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Ink Jet ◽  
Enhanced Conductivity

: Graphene based co-polymeric Nano-composites explored and trending in various applications as ascribing to its enhanced conductivity and controlled modification with wide specific surface areas. With the number of advantages of co-polymeric coating on Graphene or Graphene sheets and their derivatives, Graphene based co-polymeric Nano-composites fabricated by various techniques (deposition, ink jet, electro spinning, spin coating, in-situ techniques, etc.) and different conducting co-polymers show its exceptional chemical, mechanical, electrical and optical properties. Therefore, in the today’s world with greater quantities of various properties of co-polymer with Graphene based Nano-composites with enhanced stability, selectivity and sensitivity have been formed. In this review paper, we have particularly focused on recent advancing in fabrication of different technologies with the help of Graphene based co-polymeric Nano-composites and its various trending and future applications. Finally, on the personal standpoint; the key challenges of Graphene based co-polymeric Nano-composites are mentioned in hope to shed a light on their potential future prospects.

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