0638 Effects of cow and bag type on the undigested neutral detergent fiber after two hundred forty hours in situ incubation

Abstract Indigestible components, including indigestible dry matter (iDM) and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), play an integral role as internal markers for determining ruminal kinetics and digestibility estimations. However, the accuracy of internal markers is dependent upon the incubation technique utilized as bag type (BT) and incubation length (IL) can be significant sources of error. Previous studies have primarily focused on iDM and iNDF as digestibility markers, but few studies have compared digestibility estimates to those of acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA). Therefore, our objective was to investigate the effect of BT (F57, F58, and Dacron) and IL (288 and 576 h) on iDM and iNDF residues, DM and NDF digestibilities, and fecal recoveries when using in situ incubations. Additionally, we evaluated the accuracy of digestibility estimates when using iDM, iNDF, and ADIA. For iDM and iNDF, feed residues demonstrated a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01). However, fecal residues were only influenced by the main effects of BT and IL (P < 0.01), with the F58 BT and 288-h IL having the greatest residues for both iDM and iNDF. The variation in residues was greatly reduced when using iNDF compared with iDM. Fecal recovery estimates most closely approximated 100% recovery when utilizing ADIA and iDM using the F57 × 576 h incubation method (P < 0.01), although recovery was overestimated for all incubation combinations. Fecal NDF recovery estimates better represented the excretion profiles when the F57 × 576 h combination was used with iDM as the internal marker (P < 0.01). Estimates of DM and NDF digestibility were the most accurate when utilizing ADIA (P < 0.01) relative to all other treatments. Our results indicate that the proper methodological application is specific to the purpose of the inferences. When evaluating fecal recoveries and digestibility, ADIA or iDM with F57 at 576-h in situ incubation provides the greatest accuracy.

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Evaluation of the Nutrient Composition, In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics, and In Situ Degradability of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus, and Amaranthus hypochondriacus in Cattle

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11010018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 18

Author(s):

Kim Margarette C. Nogoy ◽

Jia Yu ◽

Young Gyu Song ◽

Shida Li ◽

Jong-Wook Chung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Gas Production ◽

Nutrient Composition ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Amaranthus Cruentus ◽

Amaranthus Caudatus ◽

Amaranthus Hypochondriacus

The amaranth plants showed high potential feed value as forage for ruminants. An in-depth study of this plant, particularly in cattle, will help extend its utilization as an alternative protein and fiber feed source in cattle feeding. In this study, the nutrient compositions of three different species of amaranth, Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.—two varieties for each species, A.ca 74, A.ca 91, A.cu 62, A.cu 66, A. hy 30, and A. hy 48—were evaluated. The in vitro technique was used to evaluate the fermentation characteristics such as total gas production, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, pH, and ammonia concentration of the rumen fluid. Moreover, the effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM) and crude protein (EDCP) of the amaranth forages were determined through in situ bag technique. The amaranth forages: A. caudatus, A. cruentus, and A. hypochondriacus showed better nutritive value than the locally produced forages in Chungcheong province of Korea. The CP of the amaranth ranged from 11.95% to 14.19%, and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents ranged from 45.53% to 70.88% and 34.17% to 49.83%, respectively. Among the amaranth varieties, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the most excellent ruminant feed nutrient quality (CP, 14.19%; NDF, 45.53%; and ADF, 34.17%). The effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM; 33–56%) and crude protein EDCP (27–59%) of the amaranth were lower compared to other studies, which could be due to the maturity stage at which the forages were harvested. Nonetheless, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the highest EDDM (56.73%) and EDCP (59.09%). The different amaranth species did not differ greatly in terms of total VFA concentration or molar proportions, total gas production, or ammonia-N concentration. The high nutrient composition, and highly effective degradability of dry matter and crude protein, coupled with the favorable fermentation characteristics, suggest that the amaranth forages showed good to excellent feed quality for cattle.

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Forage yield and nutritive value of Elephant grass, Italian ryegrass and spontaneous growing species mixed with forage peanut or red clover

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20131347 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 1845-1852 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michelle Schalemberg Diehl ◽

Clair Jorge Olivo ◽

Carlos Alberto Agnolin ◽

Ricardo Lima de Azevedo Junior ◽

Vinícius Felipe Bratz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Red Clover ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Grazing Systems

The objective of this research was to evaluate of three grazing systems (GS) with elephant grass (EG), Italian ryegrass (IR) + spontaneous growing species (SGS); EG + IR + SGS + forage peanut (FP); and EG + IR + SGS + red clover (RC), during the winter and summer periods in rotational grazing with dairy cattle. Experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments, two replicates with repeated measures. Lactating Holstein cows receiving 1% BW-daily feed supplement with concentrate were used in the evaluation. Eight grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period. The values of pre forage mass and stocking rate were 2.52, 2.60 and 2.99 t ha-1 and 2.64, 2.77 and 3.14 animal unit ha-1, respectively for GS. Samples of forage were collected by hand-plucking technique to analyze the crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in situ dry matter digestibility (ISDMD), in situ organic matter digestibility (ISOMD) of forage present between rows of elephant grass, in the rows of elephant grass and the legumes. Higher value of CP, ISOMD and lower of NDF were observed for the grazing systems mixed with legumes forage.

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SYNCHRONIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN SUPPLY IN THE SUGARCANE BAGASSE BASED RATION ON IN SITU NUTRIENT DEGRADABILITY

Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture ◽

10.14710/jitaa.41.1.28-36 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 28-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

F. F. Sani ◽

L. K. Nuswantara ◽

E. Pangestu ◽

F. Wahyono ◽

J. Achmadi

Keyword(s):

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Nitrogen Supply ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Synchronization Index ◽

In Situ Degradation ◽

Protein Supply ◽

Kinetics Of

Two adult male sheeps fitted with rumen cannula were used in two experiments to study the effects of synchronization of carbohydrate and nitrogen supply in sugarcane bagasse based total mixed ration (TMR) on in situ nutrient degradation. The first experiment was aimed to create three TMR with different synchronization index. Ingredient feedstuffs of TMR were evaluated for its in situ organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) degradation kinetics. On the basis of the OM and N degradation kinetics of feedstuffs, three sugarcane bagasse based TMR were formulated with synchronization indexes of 0.37; 0.50; and 0.63; respectively. The TMR had similar levels of crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). In the second experiment, the three TMR with different synchronization index were evaluated for in situ degradability characteristics of OM, CP, NDF, and sulfur. The in situ degradation of OM in TMR were decreased (P<0.05) with the increasing of synchronization index. The higher synchronization index in TMR increased (P<0.05) CP degradation of CP. The NDF degradation decreased slightly by the alteration of synchronization index in TMR. The higher synchronization index in TMR reduced (P<0.05) in situ sulfur degradation, and this may not support to effects of synchronization of carbohydrate and nitrogen supply.

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Survival and Development of Lake Trout Eggs and Fry in Eastern Lake Ontario — in situ Incubation, Yorkshire Bar, 1989–1993

Journal of Great Lakes Research ◽

10.1016/s0380-1330(95)71112-1 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

pp. 384-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

John M. Casselman

Keyword(s):

Lake Trout ◽

Lake Ontario ◽

In Situ Incubation ◽

Survival And Development

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Collaborative study to evaluate the indigestible neutral detergent fiber and indigestible acid detergent fiber contents in feeds by in situ procedure

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4supl1p2589 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (4Supl1) ◽

pp. 2589

Author(s):

Marjorrie Augusto de Souza ◽

Edenio Detmann ◽

Gabriel Cipriano Rocha ◽

Marcia De Oliveira Franco ◽

Erick Darlisson Batista ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Collaborative Study ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Animal Science ◽

Percentage Points ◽

Individual Evaluation ◽

The Individual ◽

Standardization Of Procedures

The objective of this collaborative study was to evaluate the indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) content in feeds in six laboratories from institutions linked to the National Institute of Science and Technology in Animal Science (INCT-CA). Six feeds were evaluated: signal grass hay, sugarcane, corn silage, soybean meal, corn and citrus pulp. Estimated levels of iNDF and iADF proved to be dependent on the laboratory in which the analysis was performed. It was found that differences between laboratories ranged from 2.40 percentage points for soybean meal to 8.05 percentage points for sugarcane for iNDF analysis and from 1.79 percentage points for corn to 10.06 percentage points for hay for iADF analysis. It was observed that the individual evaluation of each material, the total random variation of the results between laboratories ranged from 88.75 to 96.77% and 88.75 to 98.40% for iNDF and iADF analysis, respectively. The iNDF and iADF levels are dependent on the interaction effect between the evaluated material and laboratory and have low reproducibility; this may be a consequence of the differences between the methods practiced by each laboratory, demonstrating lack of standardization of procedures used by the laboratories.

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Ruminal degradation characteristics of corn and corn–sunflower intercropped silages prepared at two stages of maturity

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas92-100 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 881-889 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Z. Mir ◽

P. S. Mir ◽

S. Bittman ◽

L. J. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Degradation Rate ◽

Soluble Fraction ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Ruminal Degradation ◽

Whole Plants ◽

Two Stages

The degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM), protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of corn–sunflower intercrop silage (CSS) and monoculture corn silage (CS) prepared from whole plants, harvested at two stages of maturity, were compared using eight mature rumen-cannulated steers. The degradation characteristics were determined by incubating the silages in nylon bags for up to 72 h in the rumen of animals fed the respective silages. The degradation characteristics determined for the silages were the soluble fraction, the insoluble but degradable fractions, the rate of degradation of the degradable fractions of silage DM and protein, and the in situ disappearance of NDF and ADF after 0.5 and 72 h of incubation. The rate of particulate passage from the rumen was determined using chromium-mordanted NDF of the four silages. Values were used to estimate effectively degraded DM and protein. The rates of DM and protein degradation were highest for late-cut CSS (6.3 and 6.0% h−1, respectively) and the least for late-cut CS (2.5 and 0.8% h−1, respectively). Averaged across stages of maturity, more (P < 0.05) DM and protein were effectively degraded with CSS (57.4 and 70.1%, respectively) than with CS (48.8 and 48.7%). Degradation of NDF in early-cut CSS was lower (P < 0.05) than in CS after 72 h of incubation. ADF disappearance from all of the silages after 72 h of incubation was similar. Ruminal degradation of DM and protein in CSS was greater than in CS, which may affect efficiency of utilization of CSS. Key words: Degradation rate, effective degradability, corn silage, intercropped corn–sunflower, steers

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Degradación microbiana in situ de tejidos foliares de gramíneas y leguminosas y su relación con indicadores de calidad nutricional

Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria ◽

10.21930/rcta.vol6_num1_art:41 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 100

Author(s):

Diego Chamorro ◽

Juan Evangelista Carulla ◽

Pablo Cuesta

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Quality ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Dry Matter Degradation ◽

Leaf Tissues ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

Stylosanthes Scabra ◽

Negative Relationships

Para cuantificar la degradación in situ de tejidos vegetales y su relación con la composición química de especies forrajeras se seleccionaron láminas foliares de las gramíneas Bouteloua repens y Bothriochloa pertusa y foliolos de las leguminosas Stylosanthes scabra, Desmodium barbatum y Tephrosia cinerea. En el rumen se incubaron muestras de 10 mm de largo durante 0, 12, 24, 48 y 72 horas; para la lectura del área residual se digitalizaron ocho tejidos. A las 24 y 48 h de incubación B. pertusa presentó relaciones positivas entre la degradación de la epidermis adaxial (EA) y la FDN (R2= 90,2), entre el mesófilo y la DIVMS (R2=80,1), y entre los tejidos lentamente degradables (TLD) y la FDA (R2= 83,9); y relaciones negativas entre EA y DIVMS (R2= –73,1), los TLD con la DEF (R2= –74,3), la EA con la PC (R2= –87,6), y el esclerenquima con la DIVMS y la PC (R2= –84,3 y R2= –90,8). Después de 72 horas de incubación las mayores áreas residuales en gramíneas fueron la estructura kranz entre 34,2% y 36,5%, el mesófilo entre 20,9% y 21,4%, el xilema de 11,5% a 17,1% y la EA entre 11,8% y 13,9%; no obstante el esclerénquima se relacionó estrechamente con indicadores de calidad nutricional. Las gramíneas obtuvieron mayores porcentajes de tejidos no degradables que las leguminosas; por lo tanto, la DIVMS y la DEF fueron menores. Entre las leguminosas, S. scabra, presentó la mayor digestibilidad de los tejidos rápidamente degradables, tanto en sequía como en lluvia; en la época seca se incrementó en 134,6% la degradación de estos tejidos. Adicionalmente, en esta especie el área residual de los taninos no presentó relación directa con la degradación del mesófilo. En leguminosas la tasa y extensión de la degradación de las epidermis se incrementaron marcadamente a mayor tiempo de incubación, presentándose diferencias entre especies, situación que no exhibieron las gramíneas. En D. barbatum la degradación de la EA se asoció con la DIVMS y la DEF, explicando en 77,4% y 72,95% estos porcentajes; de igual manera se reportaron relaciones negativas entre la degradabilidad de la epidermis y los porcentajes de FDN, FDA, lignina y taninos (R2= –0,76; R2= –0,79; R2= –0,53 y R2= –0,76, respectivamente). Microbial in situ degradation of grasses and legumes leaf tissues and its realtionship with nutritional quality and precipitationA study was conducted to measure the in situ de- gradation of plant tissues and its relationship with forage chemical composition in leaves of the grasses Bouteloua repens and Bothriochloa pertusa and of the legumes Stylosanthes scabra, Desmodium barbatum and Tephrosia cinerea. Forage samples of 10 mm in length were incubated in the rumen for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and tissue residual area was determined by reading the residual area in eight digitalized leaf samples per forage. In B. pertusa, after 24 and 48 h of incubation there were positive relations between the degradation of adaxial epidermis (AE) and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF, R2 = 90.2), between mesophyll and in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD, R2 = 80,1), and between slowly degradable tissues (SDT) and the acid detergent fiber (ADF, R2 = 83.9); and negative relationships between AE and IVDMD (R2 = -73,1), between SDT and effective dry matter degradation (EDMD, R2 = -74,3), between AE and crude protein (CP, R2 = -87,6), and between sclerenchyma and IVDMD with CP (R2 = -84,3 and R2 = -90,8, respectively). After 72 h of incubation, the greater residual areas in grasses were the Kranz structure (34.2% to 36.5%), mesophyll (20.9% to 21.4%), xylem (11.5% to 17.1%) and AE (11.8% to 13.9%). The area of sclerenchyma was related closely to indicators of nutritional quality. Overall, the grasses had greater content of non-degradable tissues than the legumes; therefore, their IVDMD and EDMD were lower. Among the legumes, S. scabra showed the greater digestibility of rapidly degradable tissues, both during the rainy and dry seasons. At the dry season, the degradation of these tissues increased by 134.6%. Additionally, in this legume, the content of tannins did not have a direct relationship with the degradation of mesophyll. The rate and extension of the degradation of epidermis in legumes, were noticeably increased with increasing length of incubation, existing differences between species, a situation which was not observed in the grasses. In D. barbatum, the degradation of the AE was positively associated with both the IVDMD and EDMD (R2 = 77,4% and 72,95%, respectively). On the other hand, the degradability of epidermis and the percentage of NDF had negative relations with ADF, lignin and tannins (R2 = -0,76; R2 = -0,79; R2 = -0,53 and R2 = -0,76, respectively).

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Nutritive value of sugarcane silages with different bacterial additives and fermentation periods

Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal ◽

10.1590/s1519-9940210212020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Ivone Rodrigues da Silva ◽

Francirose Shigaki ◽

Rosane Cláudia Rodrigues ◽

Ana Paula Ribeiro Jesus ◽

Clésio dos Santos Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Soluble Fraction ◽

B Value ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Fermentation Period

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of sugarcane silage with or without inoculation with P. acidipropionici or L. buchneri, over three fermentation periods. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 x 3 inoculant by fermentation period factorial arrangement (without inoculant, inoculant 1, inoculant 2; x three fermentation periods, 10, 60, 90 days). Values of pH, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HEM) and lignin were determined and in situ DM degradability profiles were modelled for parameters a, b and c, potential degradation (A) and effective degradability (ED). The 90 day fermentation yielded a lower pH for both inoculants. There was an interaction between inoculant and fermentation period (P < 0.05) for DM content, with a reduction in silage DM without the additive at 90 days. The CP, HEM, ADF and lignin contents of sugarcane were not influenced by the treatments. The addition of P. acidipropionici provided the lowest NDF content at 10 days and presented a higher fraction a, potential degradation and ED. At 60 days, there was no variation in soluble fraction, the control silage showed a higher fraction b, higher potential degradation and ED. At 90 days of fermentation, L. buchneri silages presented a higher fraction a, degradation rate and DE and a higher b value was obtained in the silage without inoculant. Inoculants are effective in maintaining the silage DM content and nutritional value during prolonged fermentation periods.

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Industrial passion fruit residue as ruminant feed

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600033869 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 1998 ◽

pp. 173-173

Author(s):

C.M. Korndörfer ◽

A. L. Abdalla ◽

E. Crossara

Keyword(s):

Nutritive Value ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Passion Fruit ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Plastic Bags ◽

Treatment Structure ◽

Good Medium ◽

Male Sheep

In the Brazilian savanna region, which covers 2.1 million km2, roughage production is irregular during the year. However the manufacture of passion fruit juice produces approximately 13,000,000 ton per year of industrial residue which consist of fruit pulp and seeds (FPSR) (Medina, 1980). Beef and dairy cattle farmers are feeding it to their livestock with no knowledge of its nutritive value or concern for its pollution aspects. The FPSR is left in piles outside on the ranches and fluid effluent is often observed reaching streams and contaminating the environment. Furthermore it is a good medium for fly proliferation which stresses the animals and reduces profits. The objective of this study was to demonstrate to the farmers a better way for storing the FPSR and to determine its nutritional value for ruminants.The FPSR was stored in triplicate experimental mino-silos (200 1) in a complete 2x2 factorial design to observe the effects of 48-h wilting (sun dry) and anaerobic conditions. Open mini-silos were left uncovered while in anaerobic mini-silos the FPSR was sealed in plastic bags and covered with sacks of soil. Treatments were: Tl wilted and anaerobic; T2 wilted and open; T3 unwilted and anaerobic; T4 unwilted and open. The mini-silos were sampled at 30-day intervals for up to ll2 days. The samples were analysed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin (LIN), phenolic compounds (PHEN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3 -N), soluble carbohydrats (CHO sol) and pH. The DM effective degradability (DMED) was determined “in situ” using six Santa Inês male sheep fitted with rumen cannula and fed with a mixture 80:20 diet containing grass pasture and concentrate (160 g CP/kg DM). The effects of experimental conditions were analysed in a factorial treatment structure and tested by analysis of variance. Treatment means were compared by contrasts.

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