199 Effect of the Pelleting Process on Diet Formulations with Varying Levels of Crystalline Amino Acids and Reducing Sugars on Digestibility in Growing Pigs

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine effects of pelleting on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in diets with or without increased concentrations of free AA and reducing sugars (RS). Eight individually housed, ileal cannulated barrows (initially 69.2 kg) were allotted to a replicated 8×8 Latin square with 8 diets and eight 7-d periods with ileal digesta collected on d 6 and 7. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2×2 factorial with main effects of diet form (mash vs. pellet), crystalline AA (low vs. high), or reducing sugars (low vs. high) provided by dried distillers grains with solubles and bakery meal. Diets were pelleted to achieve a hot pellet temperature of 85 to 88°C. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized Latin square using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. A feed form×RS interaction (P < 0.026) for SID of tryptophan was observed. Feeding pelleted low RS diets improved SID of tryptophan compared with mash high and low RS diets, and pelleted high RS diets. For main effects of feed form, the SID of total AA, CP, and indispensable AA increased (P < 0.042) in pigs fed pelleted diets compared with mash diets. For main effects of crystalline AA, pigs fed high crystalline AA had increased (P = 0.007) SID of tryptophan and decreased (P = 0.050) SID of histidine compared with those fed low crystalline AA diets. For main effects of RS diets, pigs fed high RS diets had decreased (P < 0.05) SID of total AA, CP and indispensable AA. In conclusion, pelleting diets with increased crystalline AA or RS did not affect the improvement in AA digestibility from pelleting. Pelleting diets improved AA digestibility. Diets formulated with high crystalline AA had increased SID of tryptophan. Formulating diets with high RS resulted in decreased AA digestibility compared with corn-soybean meal-based diets.

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PSIV-1 Apparent and Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Dry Extruded-Expelled Soybean Meal Fed to Growing Pigs Without or With Organic Acids and Multi-Carbohydrase

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.497 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 275-276

Author(s):

Jichen Song ◽

Charles Martin Nyachoti

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Latin Square ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Final Model ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Main Effects

Abstract Dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM) is an attractive feed ingredient for swine not only as a protein source but also as a good source of energy because of its high fat content. Apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility in DESBM fed without or with organic acid (OA) and a multicarbohydrase (MC) supplementation to growing pigs were determined. Ten ileal-cannulated barrows (17.3 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a replicated 5 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 4 periods, each consisting of 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Four cornstarch-based diets with 44.4% DESBM as the only source of AA, without or with OA and MC supplementation, and a 5% casein-cornstarch diet were used. All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide. Data were analyzed using the MIXED model procedures of SAS, with the final model including OA, MC, and the interaction between OA and MC as the main effects. The SID of indispensable AA in DESBM fed to growing pigs were: Arg, 93.2%; His, 85.1%; Ile, 87.1%; Leu, 87.6%; Lys, 88.7%; Met, 87.8%; Phe, 88.4%; Thr, 81.4%; Trp, 73.6%; Val, 84.5%. OA supplementation decreased the AID and SID (P < 0.05) of Arg, Ile, Asp, and Glu, and tended (P < 0.10) to decrease the AID and SID of Phe, Trp, Cys, Gly, and Tyr. MC supplementation did not affect the AID and SID of AA, and no interactive effect on AA digestibility was observed between OA and MC supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of OA and MC showed no positive effects on improving AA digestibility in DESBM fed to growing pigs.

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Crystalline amino acids do not influence calculated values for standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients included in diets for pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa333 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Maryane S F Oliveira ◽

Jerubella J Abelilla ◽

Neil W Jaworski ◽

John K Htoo ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Latin Square ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Entire Experiment ◽

Collection Period ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Feeding Diets ◽

Crystalline Amino Acids

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that addition of crystalline amino acids (AA) to diets during the adaptation or collection periods will not influence calculated values for apparent ileal digestibility (AID) or standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in corn and soybean meal (SBM). Seven ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight: 77.9 ± 2.6 kg) were allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin Square design with 7 dietary treatments and 7 periods. Dietary treatments included feeding diets based on corn or SBM without or with crystalline AA for the entire 7-d period or with crystalline AA during the adaptation period, but without crystalline AA during the collection period. An N-free diet was also used. Each experimental period consisted of 5 d of adaptation to the diets followed by 2 d of ileal digesta collection, with digesta being collected for 9 hr/d starting after feeding the morning meal. Thus, the entire experiment lasted 49 d. The AID and SID of crude protein (CP) and AA were calculated using values determined in corn or in SBM without or with crystalline AA to determine if crystalline AA influenced calculated values for AID or SID of CP and AA. Results indicated that addition of crystalline AA to diets fed during the entire 7-d period increased (P < 0.05) AID of some AA in corn and SBM. However, no differences in SID of CP and AA were observed between pigs fed the diets without crystalline AA and pigs fed the diets with crystalline AA if dietary crystalline AA were ignored in calculations of SID values. This indicates that crystalline AA were 100% absorbed before the distal ileum and did not affect calculated values for SID of AA if calculations were based only on the AA in corn or SBM. Therefore, it is concluded that crystalline AA may be added to experimental diets in digestibility experiments before and during collection periods without affecting results, if crystalline AA are disregarded in the calculation of AID or SID of AA in ingredients.

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Sunflower expellers have greater ileal digestibility of amino acids than sunflower meal, but there are only minor variations among different sources of sunflower meal when fed to growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab198 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jimena A Ibagon ◽

Su A Lee ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Latin Square ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

The Other ◽

Sunflower Meal ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Different Sources ◽

The U.S

Abstract The objective was to test the hypothesis that there is no effect of origin or processing procedure on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and crude protein (CP) in sunflower co-products. Six sources of sunflower meal (SFM) and 1 source of sunflower expellers (SFE) were obtained from Ukraine, Italy, Hungary, and the U.S. Each source of SFM or SFE was the only source of CP and AA in 1 diet and an N-free diet was also used for a total of 8 diets. Eight barrows (body weight: 28.5 ± 2.4 kg) had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to 1 of the 8 diets using an 8 × 8 Latin square design with 8 periods. The Lys:CP ratio in the 6 sources of SFM ranged from 3.10 to 3.96% with CP concentrations ranging from 27.34 to 36.75%. Crude protein in SFE was 26.87% and the Lys:CP ratio was 3.51%. Concentrations of acid hydrolyzed ether extract in the 6 sources of SFM ranged from 0.60 to 3.11%, but SFE contained 8.77%. Results indicated that the SID of CP was lower (P < 0.05) in SFM from Hungary compared with all other sources of SFM except for 1 of the sources from Ukraine. There were no differences in the SID of Lys, Met, and Trp among sources of SFM, but for most of the remaining indispensable AA, the SFM from Hungary had less (P < 0.05) SID than the other sources. However, only few differences in SID of indispensable AA were observed among the other sources of SFM, but the SID of CP and all AA except Trp was greater (P < 0.05) in SFE compared with SFM. In conclusion, there were only few differences in the SID of the first limiting AA among SFM obtained from Ukraine, Hungary, Italy, and the U.S., but the SID of CP and AA was greater in SFE than in SFM indicating that processing of sunflower seeds influence the nutritional value.

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A new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has greater digestibility of amino acids and energy, but less digestibility of phosphorus, than de-oiled DDGS when fed to growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa200 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Minoy Cristobal ◽

Jessica P Acosta ◽

Su A Lee ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Block Design ◽

Latin Square ◽

Sole Source ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Distillers Dried Grains ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Microbial Phytase

Abstract AbstractThree experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), concentration of metabolizable (ME), and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in a new source of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; ProCap DDGS) are greater than in conventional de-oiled DDGS. In experiment 1, nine barrows (initial BW: 67.2 ± 6.4 kg) with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three diets and three periods for a total of nine replicate pigs per diet. Two diets included ProCap DDGS or de-oiled DDGS as the sole source of crude protein (CP) and AA. An N-free diet was used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Ileal digesta were collected on days 5 and 6 of each period after 4 d of adaptation to diets. Results from experiment 1 indicated that ProCap DDGS contained more CP and AA compared with de-oiled DDGS. The SID of all AA in ProCap DDGS was greater (P < 0.001) compared with de-oiled DDGS with the exception that the SID of Pro was not different between the two sources of DDGS. In experiment 2, 24 growing barrows (initial BW: 32.7 ± 3.1 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and used in a randomized complete block design and fed a corn-based diet or two diets containing corn and each source of DDGS with eight replicate pigs per diet. Fecal and urine samples were collected for 4 d after 7 d of adaptation. Results from experiment 2 indicated that concentration of ME in ProCap DDGS was greater (P < 0.05) compared with corn or de-oiled DDGS. In experiment 3, 32 growing barrows (initial BW: 20.2 ± 0.9 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to four diets with eight pigs per diet using a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. The de-oiled DDGS and ProCap DDGS were both included in a diet without microbial phytase and a diet with microbial phytase (500 units/kg diet). Pigs were adapted to the diets for 5 d and fecal samples were collected for 4 d. Results from experiment 3 indicated that inclusion of phytase in the diet containing ProCap DDGS increased (P < 0.05) the STTD of P, but addition of phytase to the de-oiled DDGS diet did not increase STTD of P (interaction, P < 0.001), but the STTD of P was greater (P < 0.05) in de-oiled DDGS compared with ProCap DDGS. In conclusion, ProCap DDGS has greater SID of AA and contains more ME, but has reduced STTD of P compared with conventional de-oiled DDGS.

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154 Digestibility of amino acids, fiber, and energy, and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in conventional and extruded yellow dent corn, wheat, and sorghum fed to growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.155 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 85-86

Author(s):

Diego A Rodriguez ◽

Su A Lee ◽

Mary B Muckey ◽

Cassandra K Jones ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Distal Ileum ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Dent Corn

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of extrusion on energy and nutrient digestibility in corn, wheat, and sorghum fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 6 diets based on raw or extruded sources of each grain and an N-free diet were formulated. Seven barrows (14.2 ± 0.9 kg) had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square. Ileal digesta were collected for 2 d after 5 d of adaptation. Results indicated that extruded grains had greater (P < 0.001) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch than non-extruded grains. Extrusion increased standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all AA except Pro in corn, but SID of AA in wheat and sorghum was not affected by extrusion (Table 1). In Exp. 2, 48 barrows (15.1 ± 3.7 kg) were allotted to 6 diets based on each of the 6 grains. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were collected quantitatively for 5 d after 5 d of adaptation. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE increased by extrusion of corn or sorghum, but that was not the case for wheat (interaction, P < 0.001). The ATTD of NDF was reduced by extrusion of wheat, but not of corn or sorghum (interaction, P < 0.001). Extrusion reduced (P < 0.05) the ATTD of ADF in all grains. Values for ME were greater in extruded corn and sorghum compared with non-extruded grains, but ME in wheat was not affected by extrusion (interaction, P < 0.001). In conclusion, extrusion of corn, wheat, and sorghum increased AID of starch and SID of all indispensable AA. The ME in corn and sorghum was also increased.

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63 Ileal digestibility of amino acids in a new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.260 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 148-148

Author(s):

Jessica P Acosta Medellin ◽

Su A Lee ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Statistical Model ◽

Latin Square ◽

Sole Source ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

High Protein ◽

High Quality ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Distillers Dried Grains ◽

Very High

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to test if standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in a new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles (HP-DDGS) is greater than in conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-CV). Nine barrows (initial BW: 67.2 ± 6.4 kg) with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to a triplicate 3 × 3 Latin Square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. Two diets included HP-DDGS or DDGS-CV as the sole source of CP and AA. A nitrogen-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The statistical model included ingredient as fixed effect and square, period, and animal as random effects. Results indicated that that HP-DDGS contained more CP and AA compared with DDGS-CV (Table 1). The SID of all AA in HP-DDGS were greater (P < 0.001) compared with DDGS-CV with the exception that the SID of Pro was not different between the 2 sources of DDGS. The greater concentrations of AA and values for SID of AA in HP-DDGS indicate that this new DDGS source has a very high quality and may be a great source of digestible AA in diets fed to pigs.

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Effect of fermentation of soybean meal with varying protein solubility on ileal digestibility of nutrients in growing pigs

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an14842 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (12) ◽

pp. 2023

Author(s):

Santi D. Upadhaya ◽

Je-hoon Ryu ◽

Kyung-il Kang ◽

Seong-Jun Cho ◽

In Ho Kim

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Protein Solubility ◽

Latin Square ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Fermented Soybean Meal ◽

Fermented Soybean

Apparent ileal digestibility and standardised ileal digestibility of energy, dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids were evaluated in five cannulated [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc)] barrows with an initial bodyweight of 27.1 ± 0.58 kg in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Pigs were fed unfermented soybean meal (USM) as control and fermented soybean meal A, B and C (FSMA, FSMB and FSMC, respectively), with 52.4%, 62.0% and 71.8% protein solubility, respectively, and a nitrogen-free diet. The nitrogen-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of crude protein and amino acids. The apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen was greater (P < 0.05) in FMSC and tended to improve in FSMA and FSMB compared with the control. The apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine, phenylalanine and valine was greater in all fermented soybean meal whereas that of lysine was greater (P < 0.05) in FSMC compared with USM. Likewise, the apparent ileal digestibility of aspartic acid and proline was greater (P < 0.05) in FSMA and FSMC. The standardised ileal digestibility of crude protein and lysine was higher (P < 0.05) in FSMC and tended to improve in FSMA and FSMB whereas the standardised ileal digestibility of isoleucine was higher (P < 0.05) in FSMA, FSMB and FSMC compared with USM. In conclusion, fermentation of soybean meal showed better digestibility compared with USM regardless of its protein solubility values.

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The Complementarity of Amino Acids in Cooked Pulse/Cereal Blends and Effects on DIAAS

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10101999 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1999

Author(s):

Fei Han ◽

Paul James Moughan ◽

Juntao Li ◽

Natascha Stroebinger ◽

Shaojie Pang

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Mung Bean ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Latin Square ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Adzuki Bean ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Indispensable Amino Acids ◽

The Mean

The aim was to study the complementary effect between cereals and pulses on protein quality. The values for the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) in cooked cereals and pulses, given alone, and blends of cooked cereals and pulses, were determined. True ileal digestibility (TID) values of amino acids for adult humans were obtained. It is difficult to determine ileal amino acid digestibility in humans directly, and for this reason, the growing pig is often used to obtain such values, as a preferred animal model. Seven growing pigs fitted with a T-cannula at the terminal ileum were allotted to a 7 × 6 incomplete Latin square with seven semi-synthetic diets (cooked mung bean, adzuki bean, millet, adlay, mung bean + millet, adzuki bean + adlay, and an N-free diet) and six 7-day periods. The mean TID values for crude protein differed significantly (p < 0.05), with millet having the highest digestibility (89.4%) and the adzuki bean/adlay mixture having the lowest (79.5%). For lysine, adzuki bean had the highest TID (90%) and millet had the lowest (70%). For the mean of all the amino acids, there was a significant (p < 0.05) effect of diet, with the TID ranging from 72.4% for the adzuki bean/adlay mixture to 89.9% for the adzuki beans. For the older child, adolescent, and adult, the DIAAS (%) was 93 for mung beans, 78 for adzuki beans, 22 for millet, 16 for adlay, and 66 for mung beans + millet, and 51 for adzuki beans + adlay. For mung beans, valine was first-limiting, and the SAA for adzuki beans, while lysine was first-limiting for the other foods. Chinese traditional diets, containing both cereals and pulses, are complementary for most, but not all of the indispensable amino acids.

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Digestibility of amino acids and concentrations of metabolizable energy and net energy are greater in high-shear dry soybean expellers than in soybean meal when fed to growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa215 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Diego A Rodriguez ◽

Su A Lee ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Latin Square ◽

Sole Source ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Net Energy ◽

Limited Information ◽

Total Dietary Fiber ◽

Ileal Digestibility

Abstract Soybean expellers may be produced by dry extrusion and mechanical oil pressing of soybeans, but there is limited information about the nutritional value of expellers produced via this procedure. Therefore, 2 experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and amino acids (AA), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and total dietary fiber (TDF), and concentrations of DE, ME, and NE are greater in soybean expellers than in soybean meal (SBM) when fed to growing pigs. Pigs were the offspring of Line 359 boars mated to Camborough females (Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, TN). In experiment 1, nine growing barrows (initial BW: 55.98 kg ± 13.75 kg) with T-cannulas installed in the distal ileum were allotted to 1 of 3 diets using a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 periods. Two diets were formulated to contain 35% soybean expellers or 33% SBM as the sole source of AA. A N-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of AA. Ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7 of each 7-d period. Results indicated that the SID of most indispensable and dispensable AA were greater (P < 0.05) or tended (P < 0.10) to be greater in soybean expellers than in SBM. In experiment 2, a corn-based diet and 2 diets based on corn and each of the 2 soybean products were formulated. Twenty-four growing barrows (initial BW: 44.88 kg ± 2.17 kg) were allotted to 1 of the 3 diets with 8 pigs per diet. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. Results indicated that the ATTD of energy and TDF was not different between soybean expellers and SBM, but the ATTD of TDF in the 2 soybean products was greater (P < 0.05) than in corn. Concentrations of DE and ME in soybean expellers were greater (P < 0.05) compared with corn or SBM. Soybean expellers had greater (P < 0.05) calculated NE compared with SBM, but there was no difference in NE between corn and soybean expellers. In conclusion, values for SID of most AA and DE, ME, and NE in soybean expellers were greater than in SBM.

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Digestibility of amino acids in pigs fed distillers dried grains with solubles derived from corn, sorghum, and triticale

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2020-0076 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chan Sol Park ◽

Darryl Ragland ◽

O. Adeola

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Latin Square ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Initial Body Weight ◽

Isoleucine Leucine ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Distillers Dried Grains ◽

Dietary Treatments

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in distillers dried grains with solubles derived from corn (C-DDGS), sorghum (S-DDGS), and triticale (T-DDGS) fed to growing pigs. A total of 16 barrows (initial body weight = 23.1 ± 2.03 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were divided into 4 groups based on body weight and assigned to a quadruplicated 4 × 2 incomplete Latin Square design with 4 dietary treatments and 2 experimental periods. Three diets containing C-DDGS, S-DDGS, or T-DDGS and a nitrogen-free diet were fed in each experimental period consisting of 5-d adaptation and 2-d ileal digesta collection. Pigs fed S-DDGS had less (P < 0.05) SID of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, and methionine compared with those fed T-DDGS, which were less (P < 0.05) than the values observed from pigs fed C-DDGS. The SID of arginine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine in C-DDGS were greater (P < 0.05) than in S-DDGS but were not different from those in T-DDGS. The SID of lysine in C-DDGS was greater (P < 0.05) than in S-DDGS and T-DDGS. In conclusion, AA in S-DDGS were less digestible than those in C-DDGS and T-DDGS.

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