scholarly journals Behavioral and stress responses to feeding time in pregnant sows under limit-fed regime

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayford Manu ◽  
Suhyup Lee ◽  
Mike C Keyes ◽  
Jim Cairns ◽  
Samuel K Baidoo
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Feeding Schedule ◽  
Activity Count ◽  
Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Total P

Abstract We investigated the effect of feeding time on behavior and stress responses in pregnant sows under isocaloric conditions. Twenty-four sows were balanced for parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 feeding times. Corn-soybean meal-based diet was fed once at: 0730 (Control, T1), 1130 (T2), and 1530 h (T3). On average, sows received 7062 kcal ME/d from 2.20 kg of diet formulated to contain SID Lys/ME of 1.71 g/Mcal. The study was conducted for 28 days (21 d acclimation to the feeding regime and 7 days data collection). Saliva samples were collected every 2 hours for 12 hr in stalls on day 52 of pregnancy. Behavior data were collected 24 hr for 7 d from day 53 of gestating by affixing a remote insights ear tag to each sow. Each sow had 120,960 data points categorized into: "Active", "Feed" or "Dormant". Due to housing constraint, all sows were housed in individual stalls in the same barn presenting a potential limitation of the study. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.4 for cortisol and behavior data, respectively. Sow was the experimental unit. The area under the curve (AUC) is quantitative evaluation of response as threshold varies over all possible values. A 12-hr cortisol total area under the curve (AUC) for sows fed once daily at 1130 h was reduced relative to sow group fed at 1530 h (P = 0.046) but similar compared with the control sows (P = 0. 323). The control sows (0730 h) had reduced total (P < 0.001) and feeding (P = 0.001) activity AUCs relative to sows on 1130 but did not differ compared with sows on 1530 h feeding schedules (P > 0.100). Sows on 1130 h feeding schedule had greater feed anticipatory activity (FAA), 24-hr total activity count, total (P < 0.001) and feeding (P < 0.001) activity AUC compared with sows fed daily at 1530 h. In conclusion, feeding pregnant sows earlier in the morning (0730 h) appears to minimize sows’ behavior but similar cortisol response. Sows on 1130 h feeding schedule had greater activities but reduced cortisol concentration, suggesting that elevated sow activity might not necessarily indicate activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

scholarly journals 5 Effect of feeding time on behavioral and stress responses in gestation sows under isocaloric conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
Hayford Manu ◽  
S H Lee ◽  
Q Huang ◽  
D Pangeni ◽  
M C Keyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Summation Method ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

Abstract Investigated the effect of feeding time on behavior and stress responses in pregnant sows under isocaloric conditions. Eighteen sows (Landrace × Yorkshire); BW 248.6 ± 2.8 kg; parity 3.30 ± 0.39); were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 feeding times. Corn-soybean meal-based diet was fed once at: 0730 (Control, T1), 1130 (T2), and 1530 h (T3). On average, sows received 7190 kcal ME d−1 during gestation from 2.25 kg of diet formulated to contain SID Lys/ME of 1.71 g/Mcal. Saliva samples were collected every 2 h for 12 h in stalls on d 52 of pregnancy and assayed for cortisol using ELISA technique. Behavior data were collected 24 h for 7 d from d 53 of gestation by affixing a Remote Insights ear tag to each sow after 21 d adaptation period. Each sow had 120,960 data points categorized into: “Active,” “Feed” or “Dormant”. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05, and a trend as 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Sow was the experimental unit. A 24 h area under the curve (AUC) was estimated by trapezoidal summation method. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was based on Tukey Kramer’s method. Sows fed daily at 0730 had both lower feeding and total activity compared with sows fed at 1130 h (P < 0.02) but similar to sows fed at 1530 h (P > 0.05). Feeding sows at 1130 h daily resulted in reduced cortisol AUC compared with 1530 h fed sows (P < 0.04) but similar to sows fed at 0730 h (P > 0.05). In conclusion, feeding sows daily at 1130 resulted in increased feed and total activity but reduced cortisol concentration, suggesting that elevated sow activity might not necessary indicate activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

scholarly journals 9 Behavioral and stress responses to feeding frequency in pregnant sows under isocaloric conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
Hayford Manu ◽  
S H Lee ◽  
Q Huang ◽  
D Pangeni ◽  
M C Keyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Elisa Technique

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate behavioral and stress responses to feeding frequency in pregnant sows under isocaloric conditions. Eighteen sows (Landrace × Yorkshire); BW 226.10 ± 1.29 kg; parity 3.1 ± 0.42); were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 feeding frequency regimes. Sows were fed corn-soybean meal-based diet 1× [0730 (Control, T1), 2× “[half ration at 0730 and 1530 h (T2)]” and then “[one-third portion at 0730, 1130, and 1530 h (T3)]”. On average, sows received 7190 kcal ME d−1 during gestation from 2.25 kg of diet formulated to contain SID Lys/ME of 1.71 g/Mcal. Saliva samples were collected from 0630 to 1830 h, 2 hrs apart and assayed for cortisol using ELISA technique. Behavior data were collected for 7 d from d 53 of gestation by affixing a Remote Insights ear tag to each sow. Each sow had 120,960 data points categorized into: “Active,” “Feed” or “Dormant”. The data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with treatment as fixed effect and sow as random effect. Results were considered statistically significant when P < 0·05 and were considered as trends when P ≤ 0·10. Sow was the experimental unit. A 24 h area under the curve (AUC) was calculated by trapezoidal method. The P-values were adjusted for multiplicity based on Tukey Kramer’s method. A 24 h total activity and total feeding activity AUC were reduced in sows fed 2× daily compared with sows fed 1× and 3× daily (P < 0.01). A 12 h cortisol AUC was lower for sows fed 2× daily relative to treatment groups fed 1× and 3× daily (P < 0.02). In conclusion, feeding pregnant sows twice daily may improve sow welfare by reducing feeding activity, total activity, and the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

scholarly journals Behavioral and cortisol responses to feeding frequency in pregnant sows under isocaloric intake

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayford Manu ◽  
Suhyup Lee ◽  
Mike C Keyes ◽  
Jim Cairns ◽  
Samuel K Baidoo
Keyword(s):  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Daily Feeding ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Cortisol Responses

Abstract The study focused on behavioral and cortisol responses to feeding frequency in pregnant sows under isocaloric intake. Twenty-four sows [(Landrace × Yorkshire); BW 216.70 ± 3.98 kg; parity 3.04 ± 0.53] were balanced for parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 feeding frequency regimes. Sows were fed corn–soybean meal-based diet 1× [0730 (Control), T1], 2× [half ration at 0730 and 1530 hours, T2], or 3× [one-third portion at 0730, 1130, and 1530 hours, T3] from days 30 to 60 of gestation. Sows received 7055 kcal ME/d during gestation from 2.21 kg of diet formulated to contain SID Lys/ME of 1.71 g/Mcal. Saliva samples were collected every 2 hr from 0630 to 1830 hours on day 52 and assayed for cortisol using ELISA procedure. Behavior data were collected for 7 d from day 53 of gestation by affixing a remote insights ear tag to each sow. Each sow had 120,960 data points categorized into: “Active”, “Feed,” or “Dormant”. Because of housing constraint, all sows were housed in individual stalls in the same room presenting a potential limitation of the study. The data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.4 for cortisol and behavior count data, respectively. Sow was the experimental unit. The area under the curve (AUC) is quantitative evaluation of response as threshold varies over all possible values. The T2 sows had reduced 12-hr cortisol AUC compared with control sows (P = 0.024) and T3 sows (P = 0.004), respectively. The T2 sows had lower 3 hr (P = 0.039) and 5 hr (P = 0.015) postfeeding cortisol AUC compared with control sows. Feed anticipatory activity (FAA), 24-hr total activity, and feeding activities (eating and/or sham chewing) were reduced for T2 sows relative to the control and T3 sows (P &lt; 0.01). Consequently, T2 sows had lower 24-hr total activity (P &lt; 0.001) and feeding activities (P &lt; 0.001) AUC compared with both the control and T3 sows, respectively. The T3 sows had greater FAA (P &lt; 0.001) and 24-hr total activity AUC (P = 0.010) compared with control sows. Our data although inconclusive due to small sample size, twice daily feeding appears to be the threshold that reduces sows’ total activity AUC, feeding activity AUC, and activation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, reduced hunger, and exhibit potential to improve sow welfare in relation to once and thrice daily feeding regimes under isocaloric intake per kilogram live metabolic weight.

scholarly journals PSVIII-5 Effect of glycemic and endocrine response to feeding time in pregnant sows

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
Hayford Manu ◽  
Lee SuHyup ◽  
Samuel Kofi Baidoo
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Summation Method ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Endocrine Response ◽  
Plasma Insulin Response

Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the glycemic and endocrine responses to feeding time in restrictively fed pregnant sows. Eighteen sows [(Landrace × Yorkshire); BW 229.17 ± 1.34 kg; parity 3.90 ± 0.12; backfat 13.60 ± 0.27 mm)] were sampled from 180 sows. Sows were blocked by parity and BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a RCBD. Treatments included sows fed once at daily at 0730 h (Control, T1), 1130 h (T2), and 1530 h (T3). The daily feed quantity was kept at 1.25× maintenance energy intake (100 × (BW)0.75) kcal ME/d. On average sows received 2.27 kg corn-soybean meal-based diet which provided 6948 kcal ME/d and SID Lys:ME of 1.71 g/Mcal from d 30 to 60 of gestation. Total area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using Trapezoidal summation method. Data analysis was done using PROC MIXED and GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Sow was the experimental unit. Adjustment for multiple comparison was by Tukey’s method. Pregnant sows fed at different times of the day had similar fasting levels of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and PYY (P ˃ 0.10). Sows fed daily at 0730 and 1130 h had increased (P = 0.018) and propensity to increase (P = 0.088) in insulin concentration from fasting to 30 minutes post-prandial, respectively, but not in sows fed daily at 1530 h (P ˃ 0.05). Glucose, active ghrelin, and total PYY concentrations and AUC did not differ with respect to feeding time. In conclusion, plasma insulin response appears to be a function of time of the day at which calories are ingested. Feeding time to elicit maximum insulin response are 0730 and 1130 h but not at 1530 h. Therefore, feeding pregnant sows daily at or before 1130 h may elicit maximum insulin response.

Physical Activity Patterns of Free Living Dogs Diagnosed with Osteoarthritis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne H Lee ◽  
Katelyn B Detweiler ◽  
Tisha A Harper ◽  
Kim E Knap ◽  
Maria R C de Godoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Activity Count ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Activity Monitors ◽  
Average Activity

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) affects about 90% of dogs &gt; 5 yr of age in the US, resulting in reduced range of motion, difficulty climbing and jumping, reduced physical activity, and lower quality of life. Our objective was to use activity monitors to measure physical activity and identify how activity counts correlate with age, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), serum inflammatory markers, veterinarian pain assessment, and owner perception of pain in free-living dogs with OA. The University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved the study and owner consent was received prior to experimentation. Fifty-six client-owned dogs (mean age = 7.8 yr; mean BCS = 6.1) with clinical signs and veterinary diagnosis of OA wore HeyRex activity collars continuously over a 49-d period. Blood samples were collected on d 0 and 49, and dog owners completed canine brief pain inventory (CBPI) and Liverpool osteoarthritis in dogs (LOAD) surveys on d 0, 21, 35, and 49. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.3 using repeated measures and R Studio 1.0.136 was used to generate Pearson correlation coefficients between data outcomes. Average activity throughout the study demonstrated greater activity levels on weekends. It also showed that 24-h activity spiked twice daily, once in the morning and another in the afternoon. Serum C-reactive protein concentration was lower (P &lt; 0.01) at d 49 compared to d 0. Survey data indicated lower (P &lt; 0.05) overall pain intensity and severity score on d 21, 35 and 49 compared to d 0. BW was correlated with average activity counts (p=0.02; r=-0.12) and run activity (p=0.10; r=-0.24). Weekend average activity counts were correlated with owner pain intensity scores (p=0.0813; r=-0.2311), but weekday average activity count was not. Age was not correlated with total activity count, sleep activity, or run activity, but it was correlated with scratch (p=0.03; r=-0.10), alert (p=0.03; r=-0.13) and walk (p=0.09; r=-0.23) activities. Total activity counts and activity type (sleep, scratch, alert, walk, run) were not correlated with pain scored by veterinarians, pain intensity or severity scored by owners, or baseline BCS. Even though the lack of controls and/or information on the individual living conditions of dogs resulted in a high level of variability in this study, our data suggest that the use of activity monitors have the potential to aid in the management of OA and other conditions affecting activity (e.g., allergy; anxiety).

scholarly journals Total p-PAH Levels Nearby a Complex Industrial Area: A Tailored Monitoring Experiment to Assess the Impact of Emission Sources

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Di Gilio ◽  
Jolanda Palmisani ◽  
Livia Trizio ◽  
Gaetano Saracino ◽  
Roberto Giua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Steel Plant ◽  
Vehicular Traffic ◽  
Coke Ovens ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total P

In this study, data on the hourly concentrations of the total particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (p-PAHs) collected between 1 August 2013 and 31 August 2014 by the air quality fence monitoring network of the biggest European steel plant, were analyzed. In contrast with what was predicted, the total p-PAH concentration did not decrease with distance from the steel plant, and higher concentrations were registered at the Orsini site, in the urban settlement, relative to the Parchi site, which is nearest to the coke ovens. Therefore, in order to identify and explain the cause of these high concentrations, a tailored monitoring experiment was carried out on a specific monitoring pathway by using a total p-PAHs monitor placed onto a cart. The real-time monitoring of the total p-PAH concentration on the road revealed to be a useful tool, which identified vehicular traffic as an important source of p-PAHs and highlighted the possible high short-term effect that vehicular traffic sources could have on the health of the exposed human population. Moreover, the study focused attention on the importance of the spatial representativeness of fixed monitoring stations, especially in a highly complex industrial area such as Taranto (Southern Italy).

Control and Monitoring System for Livestock Feeding Time via Smartphone

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Eik ◽  
◽  
F. Yakub ◽  
M. A. Ilham ◽  
K. Aina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Storage ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Feeding Schedule ◽  
Feed System ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Food Container ◽  
Livestock Feeding ◽  
The Right ◽  
Control And Monitoring System

The livestock farming sector usually require a lot of manpower and may face problems such as adhering the designated feeding schedule. Therefore, this paper intends to aid in this sector by bringing the smart feeder system. The main objective of this paper is to control and monitor livestock feeding time using application via smartphones. This is to ensure that the livestock are fed according to the right schedule. This paper also highlighted the advantage of the smart feeder system where it can be used to save up money and energy that can be obtained by having less labor workers. This is because of the hopper storage that can accommodate the food up to three days. The importance of this system is its ability to automate the feeding system for the livestock. The smart feed system designed is different from the existing livestock feeding machines that are available anywhere in the market due to the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) in the system. The usage of IoT allows farmers to set the feeding schedule automatically by using an application via smartphone. Besides, users will also be informed on the weight of food in the storage and food container through the application. This will allow the users to monitor the food storage and only come to refill it when it is empty. Farmers can also observe whether the livestock have eaten or not by getting updated on the level of food of the food storage using an ultrasonic sensor.

scholarly journals Food as circadian time cue for appetitive behavior

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph E. Mistlberger
Keyword(s):  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Circadian Clocks ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Dopaminergic Drugs ◽  
Activity Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Oscillators ◽  
Food Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Anticipatory Activity

Feeding schedules entrain circadian clocks in multiple brain regions and most peripheral organs and tissues, thereby synchronizing daily rhythms of foraging behavior and physiology with times of day when food is most likely to be found. Entrainment of peripheral clocks to mealtime is accomplished by multiple feeding-related signals, including absorbed nutrients and metabolic hormones, acting in parallel or in series in a tissue-specific fashion. Less is known about the signals that synchronize circadian clocks in the brain with feeding time, some of which are presumed to generate the circadian rhythms of food-anticipatory activity that emerge when food is restricted to a fixed daily mealtime. In this commentary, I consider the possibility that food-anticipatory activity rhythms are driven or entrained by circulating ghrelin, ketone bodies or insulin. While evidence supports the potential of these signals to participate in the induction or amount of food-anticipatory behavior, it falls short of establishing either a necessary or sufficient role or accounting for circadian properties of anticipatory rhythms. The availability of multiple, circulating signals by which circadian oscillators in many brain regions might entrain to mealtime has supported a view that food-anticipatory rhythms of behavior are mediated by a broadly distributed system of clocks. The evidence, however, does not rule out the possibility that multiple peripheral and central food-entrained oscillators and feeding-related signals converge on circadian oscillators in a defined location which ultimately set the phase and gate the expression of anticipatory activity rhythms. A candidate location is the dorsal striatum, a core component of the neural system which mediates reward, motivation and action and which contains circadian oscillators entrainable by food and dopaminergic drugs. Systemic metabolic signals, such as ghrelin, ketones and insulin, may participate in circadian food anticipation to the extent that they modulate dopamine afferents to circadian clocks in this area.

scholarly journals Effects of Pig Slurry Application and Crops on Phosphorus Content in Soil and the Chemical Species in Solution

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 774-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lessandro De Conti ◽  
Carlos Alberto Ceretta ◽  
Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira ◽  
Felipe Lorensini ◽  
Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Available P ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
P Content ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Total P

The application of pig slurry rates and plant cultivation can modify the soil phosphorus (P) content and distribution of chemical species in solution. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total P, available P and P in solution, and the distribution of chemical P species in solution, in a soil under longstanding pig slurry applications and crop cultivation. The study was carried out in soil columns with undisturbed structure, collected in an experiment conducted for eight years in the experimental unit of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria (RS). The soil was an Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico (Typic Hapludalf), subjected to applications of 0, 20, 40, and 80 m3 ha-1 pig slurry. Soil samples were collected from the layers 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-60 cm, before and after black oat and maize grown in a greenhouse, for the determination of available P, total P and P in the soil solution. In the solution, the concentration of the major cations, anions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and pH were determined. The distribution of chemical P species was determined by software Visual Minteq. The 21 pig slurry applications increased the total P content in the soil to a depth of 40 cm, and the P extracted by Mehlich-1 and from the solution to a depth of 30 cm. Successive applications of pig slurry changed the balance between the solid and liquid phases in the surface soil layers, increasing the proportion of the total amount of P present in the soil solution, aside from changing the chemical species in the solution, reducing the percentage complexed with Al and increasing the one complexed with Ca and Mg in the layers 0-5 and 5-10 cm. Black oat and maize cultivation increased pH in the solution, thereby increasing the proportion of HPO42- and reducing H2PO4- species.

PREDICTING GLAUCOMA PROGRESSION USING DECISION TREES FOR CLUSTERED DATA BY GOODNESS OF SPLIT

2013 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 157-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCIE SHARPSTEN ◽  
JUANJUAN FAN ◽  
JOSEPH R. BARR ◽  
XIAOGANG SU ◽  
SHABAN DEMIREL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binary Data ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Wald Test ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Glaucoma Progression ◽  
Tree Method

Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive and potentially blinding condition. Predicting which patients will experience significant progression is recognized as a crucially needed development in the management of this disease. Application of the CART (Classification And Regression Trees) methodology has demonstrated that certain patterns of visual field findings may convey greater predictive information for glaucoma progression. However, the current standard classification tree method was developed for uncorrelated data. In this article a classification tree method is extended to correlated binary data. The robust Wald test statistic from generalized estimating equations (GEE) is used to measure the between-node difference while adjusting for correlation between the eyes of a patient. The proposed method is assessed through simulations conducted under a variety of model configurations and is used to analyze the perimetry and psychophysics in glaucoma (PPIG) study data. Employing an amalgamation algorithm from the result of a best-sized tree, each eye is classified to one of two prognosis categories (less likely, or more likely, to progress). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) indicate that the proposed method, applied to data from both eyes of the same patient, provides much improved prediction accuracy compared with application of standard CART method to the same PPIG data.

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