PSXII-10 Non-invasive measurements of woody and normal condition in broiler breast meat

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 251-251
Author(s):  
Sang-Hyon OH ◽  
Euyeon NOH ◽  
Byungrok R MIN ◽  
Soobin YOON ◽  
Seungjun SHIN
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Time ◽  
Dynamic Stiffness ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Normal Breast ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Quality Issue ◽  
Digital Palpation

Abstract Woody Breast (WB) defines a quality issue resulting from a muscle abnormality in chicken meat, which makes the breast meat more rigid and sometimes pale in color with inferior texture. The frequency of this defect in Europe is over 30% and some have argued that similar levels may exist in the United States. Given that chicken with WB are of poor economic value and are discriminated by the consumers, producers face significant economic hardship under the current production paradigm. One of the problems in identifying the biological mechanism responsible for WB is that the occurrence and severity of WB can be only identified after harvest. This study is to investigate the physical characteristics of WB and normal breast (NB) in live chicken using a non-invasive, digital palpation device named as “MyotonPRO®”. This technology provides the measurements of superficial muscles regarding dynamic stiffness (100–1500 N/m; DS), elasticity (0.3–2.5), mechanical stress relaxation time (5–40 ms; MSRT) and ratio of deformation and relaxation time (0.3–2.5; RDRT). One hundred breast meat samples were used in this analysis (WB: 50; NB: 50), which were obtained from a local processing plant one day after harvest and sorted based on WB scoring with the naked eye (0, 1 for NB; 2, 3 for WB). One way ANOVA was used to analyze the data as a statistical model. The least squares means of the following variables were significantly different between WB and NB (P < 0.01): DS (603.4 vs 565.8; N/m), and elasticity (1.40 vs 1.55). However, MSRT and RDRT were not significantly different (P > 0.05). These results collectively show that the non-invasive measurements of WB differ from NB. The degree of muscle hardness in WB can be considered as a trait to be selected, and utilized for the genetic/genomic selection program collecting the measurements before harvest.

scholarly journals Extension Plant Pathology: Strengthening Resources to Continue Serving the Public Interest

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 652-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Everts ◽  
L. Osborne ◽  
A. J. Gevens ◽  
S. J. Vasquez ◽  
B. K. Gugino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Horticultural Crops

Extension plant pathologists deliver science-based information that protects the economic value of agricultural and horticultural crops in the United States by educating growers and the general public about plant diseases. Extension plant pathologists diagnose plant diseases and disorders, provide advice, and conduct applied research on local and regional plant disease problems. During the last century, extension plant pathology programs have adjusted to demographic shifts in the U.S. population and to changes in program funding. Extension programs are now more collaborative and more specialized in response to a highly educated clientele. Changes in federal and state budgets and policies have also reduced funding and shifted the source of funding of extension plant pathologists from formula funds towards specialized competitive grants. These competitive grants often favor national over local and regional plant disease issues and typically require a long lead time to secure funding. These changes coupled with a reduction in personnel pose a threat to extension plant pathology programs. Increasing demand for high-quality, unbiased information and the continued reduction in local, state, and federal funds is unsustainable and, if not abated, will lead to a delay in response to emerging diseases, reduce crop yields, increase economic losses, and place U.S. agriculture at a global competitive disadvantage. In this letter, we outline four recommendations to strengthen the role and resources of extension plant pathologists as they guide our nation's food, feed, fuel, fiber, and ornamental producers into an era of increasing technological complexity and global competitiveness.

scholarly journals A Proposed Mechanism for Texture Property of Woody Breast in Broilers

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Welter ◽  
W. J. Wu ◽  
T. O’Quinn ◽  
T. Houser ◽  
E. Boyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sarcomere Length ◽  
Troponin T ◽  
Chicken Breast ◽  
Free Calcium ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Collagen Crosslinks ◽  
White Striping ◽  
Chicken Breast Meat ◽  
Early Postmortem

ObjectivesWoody breast is a myopathy observed in chicken breast meat (Pectoralis major) characterized by its tough and rubbery texture. However, the exact causation of woody breast texture is still unknown. We hypothesize that sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) dysfunctionality early postmortem results in rapid leakage of intracellular calcium may partially contribute to the abnormal meat texture observed in woody breast meat. The objective of this preliminary study was to investigate this hypothesis.Materials and MethodsFourteen Ross line broiler breast fillets (7 severe woody breast and 7 normal) were collected at 3 h postmortem from a commercial processing plant located in the southeast United States. The 7 woody breast samples also exhibited moderate to severe white striping. The 7 normal samples did not exhibit any signs of white striping or woody breast. Each sample was trimmed, weighed, vacuum packaged and frozen at –20°C at approximately 8 h postmortem. One 1.9 cm strip across the cranial end of each fillet was fabricated and pulverized in liquid nitrogen to measure sarcomere length (Laser Scan Confocal Microscope with a 100x/NA 1.4 objective), calpain activity (immunoblotting for µ-calpain autolysis), proteolysis (immunoblotting for troponin-T degradation) and collagen content (hydroxyproline content). Purge was also collected from each sample to evaluate protein (bicinchoninic acid assay) and free calcium concentration (atomic absorption).ResultsWoody breast fillets were heavier than normal chicken breast fillets (522.9 vs. 446.9g; P < 0.05). Woody breast samples tended to have shorter sarcomeres (1.70 vs. 2.02 µm; P = 0.0543) and less intact troponin-T compared to normal breast samples (relative intact troponin-T band density: 49.98 vs. 56.97%; P = 0.0515) at 8 h postmortem. It was interesting to note that no µ-calpain band was detected through immunoblotting for both the woody breast and normal samples at 8 h postmortem. Other studies have found similar results as poultry µ-calpain autolyzed at a much rapid rate than µ-calpain in mammalian species. In addition, the purge from woody breast samples also had higher levels of free calcium compared to normal samples (6.2 vs. 4.2 nmol calcium/mg protein; P < 0.05). Lastly, there was more collagen present in the woody breast samples compared to normal chicken breast samples (3.89 vs. 2.08 mg collagen/g muscle tissue; P < 0.05).ConclusionThe results indicated that the cause of texture abnormality of woody breast may be the combined effects of more calcium being released from the SR early postmortem resulting in shorter sarcomere length and more collagen being deposited in the chicken breast meat. Additional research with the focus on SR integrity and functionality as well as collagen crosslinks are needed to further elucidate the basic mechanism of woody breast texture formation.

The Impact of Online Learning on Global Intellectual Property Issues

2017 ◽  
pp. 279-311
Author(s):  
Pamela A. Lemoine ◽  
P. Thomas Hackett ◽  
Michael D. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Online Learning ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Course Materials ◽  
Income Dispersion

Intellectual Property (IP) has long been an issue of debate among higher education institutions in the United States and other countries. However, determining ownership and the income dispersion of creative works is still a relatively new phenomenon which compounds delivery of education in a virtual world that knows no boundaries. Intellectual Property (IP) issues are numerous and often complex in higher education because colleges and universities are major suppliers and consumers of online learning, particularly in a global context. Many higher education institutions claim ownership of the materials created by faculty for online courses, and often the courses themselves; many more are plagiarized or used without the author's permission as a result of teaching in an online environment. In addition, global copyright laws are very unclear regarding the ownership of works created in an electronic environment. In the past, instructors created materials have been considered the intellectual property of the creator. The potential economic value of multimedia and online course materials has raised the stakes for higher education institutions and prompted them to critically examine how online learning has opened old wounds regarding the ownership of intellectual property.

scholarly journals Temperature-Dependent Phage Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Epidemic Clone II

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 2433-2438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Won Kim ◽  
Sophia Kathariou
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phage Resistance ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Cadmium Resistance ◽  
Epidemic Clone ◽  
Plant Environment ◽  
Serotype 4B

ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes epidemic clone II (ECII) has been responsible for two multistate outbreaks in the United States in 1998-1999 and in 2002, in which contaminated ready-to-eat meat products (hot dogs and turkey deli meats, respectively) were implicated. However, ecological adaptations of ECII strains in the food-processing plant environment remain unidentified. In this study, we found that broad-host-range phages, including phages isolated from the processing plant environment, produced plaques on ECII strains grown at 37°C but not when the bacteria were grown at lower temperatures (30°C or below). ECII strains grown at lower temperatures were resistant to phage regardless of the temperature during infection and subsequent incubation. In contrast, the phage susceptibility of all other tested strains of serotype 4b (including epidemic clone I) and of strains of other serotypes and Listeria species was independent of the growth temperature of the bacteria. This temperature-dependent phage susceptibility of ECII bacteria was consistently observed with all surveyed ECII strains from outbreaks or from processing plants, regardless of the presence or absence of cadmium resistance plasmids. Phages adsorbed similarly on ECII bacteria grown at 25°C and at 37°C, suggesting that resistance of ECII strains grown at 25°C was not due to failure of the phage to adsorb. Even though the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated, temperature-dependent phage resistance may represent an important ecological adaptation of L. monocytogenes ECII in processed, cold-stored foods and in the processing plant environment, where relatively low temperatures prevail.

Echocardiography of coarctation of the aorta, aortic arch hypoplasia, and arch interruption: strategies for evaluation of the aortic arch

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1553-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suma P. Goudar ◽  
Sanket S. Shah ◽  
Girish S. Shirali
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Coarctation Of The Aorta ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interrupted Aortic Arch ◽  
Hypoplastic Left Heart ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Aortic Arch Hypoplasia

AimEchocardiography is the modality of choice for the diagnosis and serial follow-up of aortic arch pathology. In this article, we review the types of obstruction of the aortic arch, various classification schemes of coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch, methodology for optimal echocardiographic imaging of the aortic arch, and key echocardiographic measurements for accurate diagnosis of obstruction and hypoplasia of the aortic arch. Finally, we will discuss the limitations of echocardiography in optimal imaging of the aortic arch and the use of other non-invasive imaging modalities such as CT or MRI to provide additional information in these cases.BackgroundCoarctation of the aorta is the more common lesion of the two, with an estimated incidence of four in every 10,000 live births in the United States of America. Interrupted aortic arch is rarer, with an incidence of 19 per one million live births.1 There is a spectrum of pathology of obstruction of the aortic arch, ranging from coarctation of the aorta with and without hypoplasia of the arch to interrupted aortic arch. Both these lesions are frequently encountered in congenital cardiology practice, and will be discussed in the remainder of this article. Obstruction of the aortic arch in the setting of hypoplastic left heart structures or atresia of the aortic valve is beyond the scope of this review and will not be discussed further.

Mind Cure and Mental Therapeutics in the Late 19th-Century United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Schmit
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New England ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
New Thought ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Therapeutic Philosophy

Mind cure, or mental healing, was a late 19th-century American healing movement that extolled a metaphysical mind-over-matter approach to the treatment of illness. Emerging in New England in the mid-19th century out of a mix of mesmerism and metaphysical philosophies, due to its effectiveness, by the 1880s it achieved national recognition. Three individuals are credited with creating and popularizing mental (or metaphysical) healing: Phineas Parkhurst Quimby, Warren Felt Evans, and Mary Baker Eddy. Mind cure was appealing because it helped treat ailments for which the medicines of the day were ineffective, especially problems with the “nerves.” Mental healers employed non-invasive mental and spiritual methods to treat ailing people, called mental therapeutics. As a practice and therapeutic philosophy, mind cure is historically noteworthy because it shaped the earliest forms of psychotherapy in the United States, advanced therapeutic work within the realm of mind-body medicine, birthed the influential New Thought movement, and helped set the stage for the beginnings of religious pluralism and the positive reception of Asian meditation teachers in the West.

scholarly journals THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF FAMILY CAREGIVING: NEW NATIONAL ESTIMATES AND STATE VARIATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S748-S748
Author(s):  
Ari Houser ◽  
Ari Houser
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
State Variation ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Total Economic Value ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Services And Supports

Abstract The economic value of family caregiving, by any measure, dwarfs actual expenditures on formal long-term services and supports (LTSS). This presentation discusses new estimates of the number of caregivers, intensity of caregiving, and the total economic value of family caregiving in 2017 in the United States, and in every state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, based on a meta-analysis of recent nationally representative surveys of family caregivers. Previous analyses of this type have found that the total economic value of family caregiving has increased steadily from $350 billion in 2005 to $470 billion in 2013. State variation in the incidence, intensity, and economic value of caregiving will be discussed, and key predictors of this variation will be identified.

Hemodynamic Investigation of Flow in the Normal Portal Vein

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. George ◽  
Diego R. Martin ◽  
Don P. Giddens
Keyword(s):  
Portal Vein ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Portal Vein Hemodynamics ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Liver Hemodynamics ◽  
Hemodynamic Information

Cirrhosis is the twelfth leading cause of death in the United States (1). Previous studies have compared portal vein blood flow and velocity in normal subjects and patients with varying results (2–5). In comparing grades of cirrhosis, based on the “Child-Pugh” score, portal flow was significantly affected as the degree of cirrhosis increased (2–4). These previous studies have used a variety of imaging methods; the most common being Doppler Ultrasound (2–5). The use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and phase contrast (PC) – MRI has not been used extensively to study liver hemodynamics. When compared to ultrasound, MRI is often superior in providing anatomical and hemodynamic information. There has also been no in depth study of normal portal vein hemodynamics, an important step for understanding changes due to cirrhosis. This study seeks to preliminarily characterize normal portal venous hemodynamics in a small number of subjects utilizing both MRI and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The long term clinical objective is to develop non-invasive diagnostic methods to evaluate and monitor the progression of cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver disease.

Tactile Eye Pressure Measurement Through the Eyelid

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eniko T. Enikov ◽  
Péter P. Polyvás ◽  
Gholam Peyman ◽  
Sean Mccafferty
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Statistical Error ◽  
Applanation Tonometry ◽  
Tactile Sensors ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Digital Palpation ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Eye Pressure

This article presents the early results from a 10-person human subject study evaluating the accuracy of a novel method of indirect estimation of intraocular pressure using tactile sensors. Manual digital palpation tonometery is an old method used to estimate the eye pressure through palpation with ones fingers. Based on this concept, we present an instrumented measurement method, where multiple tactile stiffness sensors are used to infer the intraocular pressure of the eye. The method is validated using experimental data gathered from human subjects with eye pressures from 15 to 22 mmHg and determined by Goldman applanation tonometry (GAT). Bland-Altman plots comparing the GAT measurements and the proposed through-the-eye-lid tonometry indicate a statistical error of 5.16 mmHg, within the 95% confidence interval, which compares favorably with the FDA-mandated error bound of 5 mmHg. Details on the unit operation and data filtering are also presented. Due to its indirect and non-invasive nature, the proposed new tactile tonometry method can be applied at home as a self-administered home tonometer for management of glaucoma.

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