Water and forage intake, diet digestibility, and blood parameters of beef cows and heifers consuming water with varying concentrations of total dissolved salts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A N Moehlenpah ◽  
L P S Ribeiro ◽  
R Puchala ◽  
A L Goetsch ◽  
P Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Blood Parameter ◽  
Forage Intake

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of water quality on water intake (WI), forage intake, diet digestibility, and blood constituents in beef cows and growing beef heifers. This was a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square with five drinking water treatments within each square: 1) fresh water (Control); 2) brackish water (100 BRW treatment) with approximately 6,000 mg/kg TDS; 3) same TDS level as 100 BRW achieved by addition of NaCl to fresh water (100 SLW); 4) 50% brackish water and 50% fresh water to achieve approximately 3,000 mg/kg TDS (50 BRW); and 5) same TDS level as 50 BRW achieved by addition of NaCl to fresh water (50 SLW). Each of the five 21-d periods consisted of 14 d of adaptation and 5 d of data collection. Animals were housed individually and fed mixed alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grass hay cubes. Feed and water intake were recorded daily. Data were analyzed with animal as the experimental unit. Age, treatment, and age x treatment were fixed effects, and animal ID within age was the random variable for intake, digestibility, and blood parameter data. Water and feed intake were greater than expected, regardless of age or water treatment. No treatment x age interactions were identified for WI (P = 0.71), WI expressed as g/kg body weight (BW; P = 0.70), or dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.21). However, there was an age x treatment tendency for DMI when scaled to BW (P = 0.09) in cows consuming 100 BRW compared to fresh water. No differences were found for the other three treatments. Heifers provided 50 SLW water consumed less (P < 0.05) feed (g/kg BW) compared to heifers provided fresh water and 100 BRW. No differences (P > 0.05) in water, DMI, feed intake or diet digestibility were found due to water quality treatment. In conclusion, under these conditions neither absolute WI, absolute DMI, nor diet digestibility were influenced by the natural brackish or saline water used in this experiment. These results suggest that further research is necessary to determine thresholds for TDS or salinity concentration resulting in reduced water and/or feed intake and diet digestibility.

Performance of Growing Rabbits Fed Diets Containing Graded Levels of Gmelina (Gmelina arborea) Fruit Pulp Meal

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
J.N Ingweye
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Fruit Pulp ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Water Feed ◽  
Forage Intake

The study involved the recycling of gmelina fruit pulp to animal feed to reduce environmental pollution by evaluating the feed intake and body weight changes of rabbits fed diets incorporated with Ripe Gmelina Fruit Pulp (RGFP) at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in replacement of maize as groups I, II, III, IV and V, respectively. Sixty (60) rabbits in five groups of 12 animals each were used for the eight-week study in completely randomized design experiment. Initial weight, final weight, weight gain, feed intake (concentrate + forage), concentrate intake and forage intake ranged from 575–575.02g, 1605–1900g, 1029.98–1324.99g, 8130–7569.85g, 5711.33–1177.11g, 6392.74–2418.67g, respectively. All these parameters were significantly affected (p<0.05) by inclusion of RGFP except initial weight. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), water intake (ml), water–feed ratio and protein efficiency ratio ranged from 7.35–6.14, 278.34–203.36, 0.034–0.027 and 0.8–0.53, respectively. These parameters were also significantly affected (p<0.05) by inclusion of RGFP in diets except water–feed ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Weight gain, total feed intake (concentrate + forage), concentrate intake and water intake of rabbits fed 0% RGFP were the highest (p<0.05) while the 100% RGFP group recorded the least (p<0.05). Weight gain and total feed intake of 0% RGFP group was similar to those of groups 25%, and 50%. The 100% RGFP fed rabbits had the highest (p<0.05) forage intake but least (p<0.05) FCR while 0% RGFP fed group had the least (p<0.05) forage intake and highest (p<0.05) FCR. Weight gain, total feed intake (concentrate + forage), concentrate intake and water intake significantly (p<0.05) decreased as RGFP increased while FCR and forage intake increased significantly (p<0.05) as RGFP increased. This study suggests that RGFP could replace up to 50% of maize, beyond which the animals start losing weight. Keywords: Hindgut fermenter, Gmelina fruit waste, rabbit nutrition, recycling

An intravenous replenishment of salivary components decrease water intake and increases feed intake in freely drinking large-type goats fed on dry forage

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sunagawa ◽  
T. Hashimoto ◽  
M. Izuno ◽  
N. Hashizume ◽  
M. Okano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Parotid Saliva ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Saliva Secretion ◽  
Large Type ◽  
Forage Intake

This research utilized two treatments to investigate if feed intake is reduced by changes in humoral factors induced by dry forage feeding in large-type goats given free access to water. In the control treatment (NI), a solution was not infused. The artificial parotid saliva i.v. infusion (ASI) treatment consisted of an i.v. infusion of artificial parotid saliva in order to replenish NaHCO3 and fluids lost from the blood to the rumen due to increased saliva secretion volume during initial stages of dry forage feeding. The ASI treatment significantly mitigated the decreases in circulating plasma volume caused by saliva secretion. Thirst was lower in the ASI-treated group, as indicated by the lower water intake (NI, 3894 mL 2 h-1; ASI, 3100 mL 2 h-1). Decreases with time in dry forage intake were significantly reduced by the ASI treatment (2134g 2 h-1) compared with the NI control (1756 g 2 h-1). These results indicate that under free drinking conditions, dry forage intake of large-type goats may likely be suppressed by the decrease in plasma volume and increase in water intake following saliva secretion during the initial stages of feeding. Key words: Dry forage intake, water intake, large-type goat

scholarly journals The effect of residual feed intake classification on forage intake by grazing beef cows

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 2670-2679 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Meyer ◽  
M. S. Kerley ◽  
R. L. Kallenbach
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Forage Intake

scholarly journals 70 Effects of copper, zinc, and manganese intake in late gestation on milk, cow plasma, and calf plasma trace mineral concentrations post-calving in beef cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 45-45
Author(s):  
Emma L Stephenson ◽  
Abigail R Rathert ◽  
Heather Tucker ◽  
Allison M Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract Multiparous, fall-calving beef cows [n = 48; 649 ± 80 (SD) kg BW; 5.3 ± 0.5 BCS] were individually-fed tall fescue-based hay (12.2% CP, 61.5% NDF) and supplemented to meet/exceed nutrient recommendations except Cu, Zn, and Mn. From approximately 90 d pre-calving to 11 d post-calving, cows received: no additional Cu, Zn, or Mn (CON); Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates (ITM) or metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelates (CTM, MINTREX®, Novus International) supplying 133% NASEM recommendations; or Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates and chelates supplying 100% recommendations (reduce and replace, RR). Treatment, sampling day, their interaction, and breeding group were fixed effects with cow as the experimental unit. Colostrum and milk Cu and Mn and plasma Mn were generally not detectable. Colostrum Zn was greater (P ≤ 0.03) in CTM and ITM than CON and RR. All treatments had greater (P < 0.001) colostrum Zn than d 35 milk, which was greater (P ≤ 0.03) than d 60. Treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.19) cow or calf plasma Cu or Zn post-calving. Calf plasma Zn decreased (P ≤ 0.02) from 0 to 35 d of age. Calf plasma Cu increased (P < 0.01) from 0 to 35 d, then decreased (P = 0.01) from 35 to 60 d. Cow plasma Zn and Cu were greater (P ≤ 0.02) at lactation d 35 and 60 than 1 h post-calving. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine relationships among cow and calf mineral status. There were weak positive correlations (P ≤ 0.06) between calf plasma and milk Zn at d 35 and 60. Cow and calf plasma Zn immediately post-calving had a weak negative correlation (P = 0.04). These results indicate greater Zn concentration in beef cow colostrum than milk, and suggest calf circulating Zn is partially dependent on milk Zn concentration.

scholarly journals Effects of water quality on growth performance and health of nursery pigs

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
B M Lozinski ◽  
B Frederick ◽  
Y Li ◽  
M Saqui-Salces ◽  
G C Shurson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Nursery Pigs

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine effects of providing drinking water of differing qualities on growth performance and health of nursery pigs. Weanling pigs (n = 450; 150 pigs/group; 10 pigs/pen) were assigned randomly to one of three experimental groups consisting of three water sources of varying quality: 1) Water source A containing 1,410 ppm hardness (CaCO3 equivalent), 1,120 ppm sulfates, and 1,500 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS); 2) Water source B containing 909 ppm hardness (CaCO3 equivalent), 617 ppm sulfates, and 1,050 ppm TDS; and 3) Water source C containing 235 ppm hardness (CaCO3 equivalent), 2 ppm sulfates, and 348 ppm TDS. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to their respective water sources for the duration of the study which began at weaning (21 d of age) and ended 40 d later (61 d of age). Individual pig weights were recorded weekly along with feed intake on a pen basis. Occurrences of morbidity and mortality were recorded daily. Subjective fecal scores were assigned on a pen basis and blood samples were used to evaluate blood chemistry, cytokine concentrations, and phagocytic activity. A differential sugar absorption test was used to assess intestinal permeability. Fecal grab samples were used to establish diet digestibility, and drinking behavior was video-recorded to assess pigs’ acceptance of water sources provided. The statistical model considered fixed effects of water source, room, and their interaction with the random effect of pen. A repeated measures analysis was conducted to determine effects of water quality over time. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.440) among water sources in average daily gain (A, 0.46 kg/d; B, 0.46 kg/d; C, 0.47 kg/d) or average daily feed intake (A, 0.68 kg/d; B, 0.69 kg/d; C, 0.71 kg/d). Overall mortality of pigs was 0.44% and did not differ across the three water sources. There were no differences in apparent total tract digestibility of the diet, intestinal permeability, immune parameters, or blood chemistry attributable to quality of water consumed by pigs. Pigs did not show an aversion to the water sources provided, because total time pigs spent at the drinker did not differ (P &gt; 0.750) among water sources on d 1 through 3 of the experiment. These data indicate that the water sources of differing quality studied did not affect growth performance or health of nursery pigs.

scholarly journals 347 Supplemental copper concentration and feed restriction influence plasma metabolome of growing beef steers

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 142-142
Author(s):  
Katherine VanValin ◽  
Stephanie L Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Plasma Metabolome ◽  
Phenylalanine Metabolism

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma metabolome of steers fed a Cu deficient or Cu adequate diet in response to a feed restriction (FR) challenge. Twenty-four Angus-cross steers (463 ± 29 kg) fed a common diet (4.5 mg Cu/kg DM) were utilized in a 2×2 factorial consisting of supplemental Cu concentration: 0 (CON) or 10 (SUPP) mg Cu/kg DM as CuSO4 and 5-d FR treatment: ad-libitum feed intake (AdLib) or restricted intake (RES-INT 50% of average pen DMI for 10 d prior). Steers were enrolled in a prior trial resulting in distinct liver Cu statuses of 6.7 ± 3.34 and 72.3 ± 26.6 mg Cu/kg DM for CON and SUPP, respectively. Steers were housed in pens (6 steers/pen) with GrowSafe bunks; steer was experimental unit. Steers were weighed at start and end of FR and plasma was collected at end of FR for non-targeted metabolomic analysis by GC/MS. Analyzed via Proc Mixed of SAS as a 2×2 factorial, DMI and ADG during FR were lesser in RES-INT than Adlib (P < 0.001), per design. Metabolites were analyzed in Metaboanalyst 4.0 by volcano plots, ANOVA, and significant analysis for microarrays with the fixed effects of Cu supplementation, feeding strategy, and the interaction. There were no interactions between Cu supplementation and feeding strategy (P > 0.99). Phenylalanine concentrations were greater (P < 0.001) while ornithine and glucose concentrations were lesser (P < 0.05) in SUPP vs. CON. Lactic acid concentrations were greater (P < 0.001), while heptadecanoic acid concentrations were lesser (P = 0.002) in Adlib vs. RES-INT. These data suggest that supplemental Cu concentration and feed restriction may alter the bovine plasma metabolome. Copper is required for phenylalanine metabolism, but further research is needed to fully evaluate the impacts of trace mineral status and feed intake on the bovine plasma metabolome.

scholarly journals 245 Effect of space allowance, mixing and phase feeding on productive performance and body lesions of grow-finisher pigs in pens with a single wet-dry feeder

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
Jordi Camp Montoro ◽  
David Solà-Oriol ◽  
Ramon Muns ◽  
Edgar G Manzanilla
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Unit Model

Abstract The study aimed to quantify the effect of space allowance (SA), mixing and phase feeding on productive performance and body lesions (BL) as a proxy for aggression in single wet-dry feeder pens during the grow-finisher stage. Pigs were moved as litters to the finisher accommodation at 11 wks of age and assigned in two SA: 0.96 m2/pig (HSA; n = 15 pens; 10 pigs/pen) and 0.78 m2/pig (LSA; n = 15 pens; 13 pigs/pen). Mixing was applied to 5 pens of each SA leading to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. At 15 wks of age, phase feeding was applied to 5 litter pens of each SA leading to another 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: SA and diet (0.82, LD, or 0.95, HD, g/MJ SID Lys:NE). BL were counted at anterior, mid and posterior locations of the body at 12, 16 and 21 wks of age. Pen feed intake and BW were recorded every 2 wks until 21 wks of age. ADG, ADFI and FCR were calculated and analyzed using GLMM with pen as the experimental unit. Model included initial BW, diet or mixing, SA and their interaction as fixed effects. Alpha for determination of significance was 0.05 and trend were identified at 0.10. HD pigs had higher ADG (P = 0.011) and lower FCR (P = 0.005) compared to LD pigs (Table 1). Non-mixed pigs had higher ADG (P = 0.004), ADFI (P = 0.007) and lower FCR (P = 0.079) than mixed pigs (Table 1). LSA pigs had 48.6, 43.6 and 101.3% more BL than HSA pigs at 12, 16 and 21wks of age (P &lt; 0.05; Table 1). Mixing was not a source of variation in BL (P &gt;0.05; Table 1). Mixing and dropping SID lys:NE from 0.95 to 0.82 g/MJ affect growth to a similar extent. An increase on BL in LSA pigs indicates that 0.78 m2/pig is detrimental to animal welfare in wet-dry feeder pens despite following EU legislation.

Algae Migration Characteristics in Fresh Water Red Tide

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dunchun Wang ◽  
Isao Somiya ◽  
Shigeo Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Vertical Distributions

To understand the algae migration characteristics in the fresh water red tide, we performed a field survey in the Shorenji Reservoir located in Nabari City, Japan. From the analysis of the field data, it is found that the patterns of vertical distributions of the indices representing biomass are very different in the morning and the afternoon. Since some water quality indices have reverse fluctuations between the surface and the bottom layer in respect of the time series changes and the total biomass of the vertical water column is relatively constant, it is concluded that vertical and daily biomass variation of red tide alga is caused by its daily migration, that is the movement from the bottom layer to the surface in the morning and the reverse movement in the afternoon.

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