scholarly journals PSVI-15 Effects of Vitamin B12, Sodium Salicylate, and electrolyte supplementation on alleviating Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome symptoms in nursery pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 209-209
Author(s):  
Blaire Todd ◽  
Carson De Mille ◽  
Samuel Gerrard ◽  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Locke A Karriker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Sodium Salicylate ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Face ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Pig Performance

Abstract Vitamin B12, sodium salicylate, and electrolyte treatments are commonly used to modulate pathogen induced fevers and aid in appetite stimulation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the extent to which a B12 and sodium salicylate or an isotonic electrolyte treatment could improve growth performance and feed intake, and reduce the febrile response in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus inoculated pigs. A total of 32 PRRS-naïve gilts (7.7 ±1.5 kg BW; PIC Camborough x PIC 337) were selected and randomly assigned to individual pens across four treatments (n = 8/trt): 1) Control, PRRS-naïve, 2) PRRS virus infected, 3) As #2 plus B12 and sodium salicylate supplementation, and 4) As #2 plus isotonic electrolyte supplementation. On days post inoculation (dpi) 0, pigs were inoculated with PRRS virus. B12 was administered weekly, sodium salicylate and the electrolyte solution were given orally daily in the water or fed daily from dpi 4-18. Body temperatures and feed intakes were measured daily, and body weights, G:F, and PRRS serology assessed weekly for 21 dpi. Over the 21 day test period, irrespective of treatment, PRRS virus infection resulted in a significant increase in PRRS viremia and antibody titers compared to the control (P < 0.05). Compared to treatment #2, B12 + sodium salicylate and electrolyte treatments did not have differing body temperatures, ADG, ADFI or G:F. However, PRRS infection resulted in a significant increase in average body temperature compared to the control (39.8 vs. 39.3 oC, respectively, P = 0.021). Compared to the control, PRRS infection reduced overall ADG by 83% (0.54 verses 0.09 g/d, P < 0.001), end BW by 9 kg (P < 0.001) and ADFI by 11% (P < 0.001) compared to the control. Although treatment did not improve pig performance in the face of PRRS, mortality rates were significantly (P < 0.050) reduced compared to the PRRS only treatment.

scholarly journals 194 Performance and febrile response of nursery pigs to a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus challenge

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 113-114
Author(s):  
Jessica Jasper ◽  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Blaire Todd ◽  
Nicholas K Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is an economically significant pathogen that antagonizes production in all stages of the swine industry. In nursery pigs, it increases the risk of mortality and reduces growth performance parameters. Thus, the objective of this study was to further understand how PRRS virus infection and its associated viremia and serology levels related to febrile response and performance in nursery pigs. Over two replicates, 37 three-week post-weaned PRRS naïve gilts (11.2 ± 2.56 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: Control (CON, n = 16) or PRRS virus-inoculated (PRRS+, n = 21). All pigs were housed individually in a BSL2 facility for the 21 d test period. PRRS serology, BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were determined at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days post inoculation (dpi). Core body temperatures were collected daily using a biosensor microchip. Data was analyzed using mixed procedure of SAS with dpi as a repeated effect and CON or PRRS+ as a treatment effect. Treatment, dpi and their interactions were assessed. As expected, viremia and antibody titers in PRRS+ pigs were significantly different compared to CON pigs, which remained negative (P < 0.001). The lowest PRRS Ct was observed at dpi 7, while antibody titers were highest between dpi 14 to 21 (P < 0.001). Compared with the CON, PRRS+ reduced BW gains by 17, 33 and 42% at dpi 7, 14 and 21 respectively (P < 0.001). The PRRS challenge also reduced ADFI by 30, 67 and 68% at dpi 7, 14 and 21 respectively, compared to CON (P < 0.001). The febrile response in the PRRS+ pigs peaked between dpi 7 and 14 then returned to CON baseline level by dpi 21 (P < 0.001). Overall, PRRS virus challenge induced a sustained febrile response that contributes to the attenuated performance of nursery pigs.

scholarly journals Increasing the ratio of SID lysine to metabolizable energy improves pig performance during a viral challenge

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica E Jasper ◽  
Omarh F Mendoza ◽  
Caleb M Shull ◽  
Wesley P Schweer ◽  
Kent J Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Pig Performance

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) compromises pig performance. However, increasing standardized ileal digestible Lys per Mcal metabolizable energy (SID Lys:ME) above requirement has been shown to mitigate reduced performance seen during a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing the dietary SID Lys:ME from 100% National Research Council (NRC) requirement to 120% of the requirement in vaccinated (vac+; modified live vaccine Ingelvac PRRS) and non-vaccinated (vac−; no PRRS vaccine) grower pigs subjected to a PRRSV challenge. In addition, the dietary formulation approach to achieve the 120% ratio by increasing Lys relative to energy (HL) or diluting energy in relation to Lys (LE) was evaluated. This allowed us to test the hypothesis that pigs undergoing a health challenge would have the ability to eat to their energy needs. Within vaccine status, 195 mixed-sex pigs, vac+ (35.2 ± 0.60 kg body weight [BW]) and vac− (35.2 ± 0.65 kg BW) were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (2.67, 3.23, or 3.22 g SID Lys:ME) for a 42-d PRRS virus challenge study representing 100%, 120%, and 120% of NRC requirement, respectively. Pigs were randomly allotted across two barns, each containing 24 pens with 7 to 10 pigs per pen (8 pens per diet per vaccine status). On day post-inoculation 0, both barns were inoculated with PRRSV and started on experimental diets. Within vaccine status, weekly and overall challenge period pig performance were assessed. In both vac+ (P &lt; 0.05) and vac− (P &lt; 0.05) pigs, the HL and LE diets increased end BW and overall average daily gain (ADG) ADG compared with pigs fed the control diet (P &lt; 0.05). Overall, average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the challenge period was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for pigs fed the LE diet compared with pigs fed control and HL treatments, regardless of vaccine status (20% and 17% higher ADFI than the control in vac+ and vac− pigs, respectively). The HL vac+ pigs had the greatest gain to feed (G:F) compared with the control and LE pigs (0.438 vs. 0.394 and 0.391 kg/kg, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). Feed efficiency was not impacted (P &gt; 0.10) by treatment in the vac− pigs. In summary, PRRSV-challenged grower pigs consumed feed to meet their energy needs as indicated by the increase in ADFI when energy was diluted in the (LE) diet, compared with control pigs. In both PRRS vac+ and vac− pigs subsequently challenged with PRRSV, regardless of formulation approach, fed 120% SID Lys:ME diets resulted in enhanced overall growth performance.

scholarly journals 292 The effect of pharmacological zinc on oral Salmonella vaccine efficacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 108-108
Author(s):  
Carson M DeMille ◽  
Eric R Burrough ◽  
Nicholas Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Challenge Study ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Improve Health

Abstract Pharmacological zinc (2,000-3,000 ppm) is commonly fed to nursery pigs to improve health and growth due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The objective was to test if pharmacological zinc at time of oral Salmonella vaccination impeded vaccine efficacy. Sixty-four weaned pigs (5.1±0.7 kg BW) were used in a 2 x 2 factorial design. The diets were control (CON) or zinc (3,000 ppm for 1 week, 2,000 ppm for 2 weeks, and no additional zinc for 1 week [ZN]). On d 2 pigs were orally vaccinated for Salmonella with 1 of 2 commercially available vaccines, resulting in 4 treatments (CON1, CON2, ZN1, ZN2; n = 16/treatment). On d 28, n = 8 pigs/treatment were randomly selected and enrolled in a S. Typhimurium challenge study. On d 35 post-weaned, all pigs were inoculated with 108 cfu of a field S. Typhimurium isolate. Pig performance, febrile response, fecal shedding and serology was assessed over a 7-d challenge period. On dpi 7 all pigs were euthanized, and colon contents and ileocecal lymph nodes were collected for culture. The effect of nursery diet, vaccine and their interaction was assessed. Pigs were confirmed Salmonella culture positive at dpi 2 and 6 pigs were culture positive from the ileocecal lymph nodes at dpi 7. Salmonella-specific antibody titers (S/P) increased (P &lt; 0.001) from dpi 0 (0.31) to 7 (2.01), and a time-by-vaccine interaction was reported (P &lt; 0.05). Irrespective of diet and vaccine, core temperatures increased from 39.5°C (dpi 0) to 39.7°C (dpi 2) before decreasing (P = 0.02). Over the challenge period, ADG did not differ (0.67, 0.64, 0.61, 0.62 kg/d, CON1, CON2, ZN1, ZN2, respectively, P = 0.654). Furthermore, ADFI and G:F did not differ by diet or vaccine (P &gt;0.05). In conclusion, pharmacological Zn did not inhibit efficacy of oral Salmonella vaccines.

Effect of health management strategy during rearing on grower-finisher pig performance and selected indicators of immune system stimulation

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Dionissopoulos ◽  
C. F. M. de Lange ◽  
C. E. Dewey ◽  
J. I. MacInnes ◽  
R. M. Friendship
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Similar Genetic Background ◽  
Pig Performance

The effects of health management strategy during rearing on subsequent growth performance and indicators of immune system stimulation in grower-finisher (G-F) pigs were evaluated. Pigs of approximately 25 kg body weight (BW) were sourced from three different management systems: (1) a farrow-to-finish unit with identified respiratory problems (Conventional), (2) segregated early weaned (SEW; piglets sourced from multiple sow herds), and (3) a minimal disease farrow-to-finish operation (MD). The pigs were of similar genetic background and were housed under similar conditions until slaughter. During the grower phase, MD had the highest average daily gain (ADG) (P < 0.05), while it was similar for SEW and Conventional (P > 0.10). Feed to gain (F:G) was similar for MD and SEW (P > 0.10), and poorest for Conventional (P < 0.05). During the finisher phase, SEW had the lowest ADG, and the poorest F:G (P < 0.05); these parameters were similar for Conventional and MD (P > 0.10). Over the entire G-F period, performance of MD pigs was better than that of Conventional and SEW pigs. Performance depressions appeared related to the degree of anterior-ventral lung atelectasis, antibody titers to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, thymus size, plasma insulin-like growth factor levels, stomach ulceration, nasal turbinate damage, and microbial burden. The current study shows that the growth depressing effects of exposure to infectious organisms can be substantial in G-F pigs. Key words: Pigs, growth performance, disease, cytokines

scholarly journals 232 Reduced growth performance during viral challenge primarily results from disease hypophagia

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 118-118
Author(s):  
Blaire Todd ◽  
Larissa Becker ◽  
Nicholas Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Large White ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Reductions in voluntary feed intake during disease, or disease hypophagia, is a common phenotype observed in nearly all species. However, the extent to which disease hypophagia explains attenuated pig performance during disease is poorly defined. The objective of this study was to describe the extent to which hypophagia explains pig performance during a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) virus challenge. Twenty-four PRRS naïve barrows (12.8 ± 0.73 kg BW; Landrace x Large White, PIC) were selected, blocked by body weight, and allotted across three treatments (n=8/trt): 1) PRRS-naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRS-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS), and 3) PRRS-naïve, pair-fed daily to the PRRS pigs (PF) to mimic disease feed intake. All pigs were individually penned and after a 4-day acclimation, on days post inoculation (dpi) 0, PRRS pigs were inoculated with PRRS virus. Over 7 dpi, daily feed intake and body temperatures (BT), and 7 day ADG, ADFI, and G:F were assessed. Over the 7-day challenge period, a treatment x time interaction (P &lt; 0.0001) was reported for ADFI in which PRRS and PF pigs’ ADFI was reduced by 51% compared with Ad pigs. Compared with Ad pigs, PRRS and PF pigs end BW was reduced by 23% (P = 0.004). The Ad pigs had greater ADG compared with PF and PRRS pigs (0.64, 0.12, -0.04 g/d, respectively, P &lt; 0.0001). Overall G:F was reduced by 112% and 53% in the PRRS and PF pigs, respectively, compared with Ad pigs (P &lt; 0.0001). A treatment x dpi effect was reported in core BT, in which PF pigs; BTs reduced over time compared with Ad and PRRS pigs (38.7, 39.4, 39.6 °C, respectively, P = 0.001). In summary, disease hypophagia explains much of the reduced growth observed during PRRS challenge.

PSVI-11 The Effects of Medium Chain Fatty Acid Supplementation on Sow and Piglet Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 203-204
Author(s):  
Analicia J Swanson ◽  
Jorge Y Perez-Palencia ◽  
Crystal L Levesque ◽  
Amanda Hesse
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Supplementation ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Feeding Program ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Weaning Piglets

Abstract A total of 38 mixed parity sows were used from 28-d of gestation until weaning to determine the effects of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) in sow and nursery pig diets on litter characteristics and growth performance. On 28-d of gestation, sows were blocked by parity and body weight (BW), and allotted to either a control diet (UNSUP) or a control diet plus 0.3% inclusion of DaaFit Plus (MCFA) fed during gestation and lactation. At weaning, piglets (n=432) were allocated in a 2x2 factorial based on maternal diet (UNSUP or MCFA) and post-weaning diet (UNSUPnurs or MCFAnurs) in a 3-phase nursery pig feeding program lasting 42 days. Individual piglets were weighed at birth, 7-d, at weaning and every 2 weeks post-weaning. A flu outbreak occurred during the latter part of gestation leading to high overall stillborn rate (11%). There was no impact of MCFA supplementation on sow performance (P&gt;0.14). During the suckling period, MCFA fed to sows had no impact on piglet weights or ADG (P&gt;0.82). In the nursey period, overall gain (0.112±0.02 kg) was low in the first two weeks possibly due to health challenges. Supplementation of MCFA to sows or nursery pigs had no impact on body weights during the nursery period (P&gt;0.32); however, absolute differences between groups increased with week [wean, 0.10kg; wk 2, 0.14kg; wk 4, 0.71kg; wk 6, 0.83kg) to the advantage of MCFA fed pigs. Pigs from MCFA fed sows had greater feed intake (P&lt; 0.02) from 14 to 28-d and decreased gain:feed (P &lt; 0.04) from 28 to 42-d compared to pigs from UNSUP sows. Overall, sow and nurser-y pigs fed MCFA had numerically greater 42-d BW, ADG, and ADFI. In conclusion, despite health challenges, supplementation with MCFA in gestation, lactation or in the nursery period improved piglet performance.

scholarly journals PSIX-1 Altering dietary fiber components mitigates severity of Brachyspira hyodysentariae challenge

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 190-191
Author(s):  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Nicholas Gabler ◽  
Eric R Burrough
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Insoluble Dietary Fiber ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Swine Herds ◽  
And Control

Abstract Swine dysentery (SD) induced by Brachyspira hyodysentariae (Bhyo) has recently become more prevalent in swine herds, renewing research interest regarding dietary mitigation strategies. It has been reported that insoluble dietary fiber such as DDGS influences Bhyo colonization leading to more rapid disease development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if replacement of insoluble (20% DDGS) with soluble and highly fermentable [sugar beet pulp (BP) and resistant potato starch (RS)] fiber would reduce Bhyo disease expression. At total of 38 pigs (40.9 ± 5.0 kg BW) were selected, confirmed negative for Bhyo, and allocated to dietary treatment groups (13 pigs/trt): 1) Control consisting of 20% DDGS, no BP or RS (0%), 2) 10% DDGS, 5% BP and 5% RS (5%), or 3) 0% DDGS, 10% BP, 10% RS (10%). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Diets were fed for 14 days pre-challenge and on days post inoculation (dpi) 0, all pigs were inoculated with Bhyo. Pigs and feeders were weighed weekly for 28 dpi. Overall, ADG was greater in both 5% (0.85 kg/d) and 10% (1.18 kg/d) pigs compared with 0% pigs (0.63 kg/d; P=0.004). The 10% pigs (2.46 kg/d) had greater ADFI compared with the 0% pigs (1.84 kg/d; P=0.024), 5% pigs being intermediate (2.20 kg/d). The 10% pigs also had greater G:F compared with both the 0% and 5% pigs (P&lt; 0.001). In terms of clinical disease presentation, 11/13 0% pigs developed clinical SD compared with 6/13 5% pigs and only 2/13 10% pigs (P=0.002). In conclusion, while not completely protective, reducing insoluble dietary fiber via replacement with soluble and fermentable BP and RS reduced clinical SD and improved pig performance during a 28-day Bhyo challenge. These data suggest such dietary manipulation may reduce usage of antibiotics in SD treatment and control.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Immunization with Multiple Diverse Immunogens Alters Development of Antigen-Specific Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 964
Author(s):  
Kelsey A. Pilewski ◽  
Kevin J. Kramer ◽  
Ivelin S. Georgiev
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Neisseria Meningitides ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Single Antigen ◽  
The Face ◽  
Antibody Titers

Vaccination remains one of the most successful medical interventions in history, significantly decreasing morbidity and mortality associated with, or even eradicating, numerous infectious diseases. Although traditional immunization strategies have recently proven insufficient in the face of many highly mutable and emerging pathogens, modern strategies aim to rationally engineer a single antigen or cocktail of antigens to generate a focused, protective immune response. However, the effect of cocktail vaccination (simultaneous immunization with multiple immunogens) on the antibody response to each individual antigen within the combination, remains largely unstudied. To investigate whether immunization with a cocktail of diverse antigens would result in decreased antibody titer against each unique antigen in the cocktail compared to immunization with each antigen alone, we immunized mice with surface proteins from uropathogenic Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Neisseria meningitides, and monitored the development of antigen-specific IgG antibody responses. We found that antigen-specific endpoint antibody titers were comparable across immunization groups by study conclusion (day 70). Further, we discovered that although cocktail-immunized mice initially elicited more robust antibody responses, the rate of titer development decreases significantly over time compared to single antigen-immunized mice. Investigating the basic properties that govern the development of antigen-specific antibody responses will help inform the design of future combination immunization regimens.

scholarly journals 244 Effect of Fiber Source and Crude Protein Level on Nursery Pig Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 94-95
Author(s):  
Kelsey Hammers ◽  
Hilda I Calderon ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract A total of 360 pigs (DNA 200′400, initially 5.0 kg) were used in a 45-d growth trial to determine the effects of fiber source and crude protein (CP) level in diets without pharmacological levels of ZnO on nursery pig growth performance and fecal dry matter (DM). Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 9 pens/treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2×4 factorial with main effects of CP (21 or 18%) and fiber source [none, coarse wheat bran (CWB), oat hulls, or cellulose (Arbocel, J. Rettenmaier USA, Schoolcraft, MI)]. Fiber source was added to equalize the level of insoluble fiber contributed from 4% CWB, resulting in the addition of 1.85% oat hulls or 1.55% cellulose. Diets were fed in two phases (d 0 to 10 and 10 to 24) followed by a common diet (d 24 to 45). The 21% CP diets contained 1.40% SID Lys in phase 1 and 1.35% SID Lys in phase 2. Treatment diets were formulated to a maximum SID Lys:digestible CP level of 6.35%, thus SID Lys decreased in the 18% CP (1.25% SID Lys) diets. Data were analyzed using the lmer function in R. No fiber source × CP level interactions (P &gt;0.05) were observed. Decreasing dietary CP decreased (P = 0.05) ADG, G:F, and d 24 BW. Overall, ADG and d 45 BW decreased (P &lt; 0.05) for pigs fed 18% CP diets. No main effects of fiber source were observed for growth performance throughout the study. Fecal DM increased (P &lt; 0.05) for pigs fed added cellulose compared to pigs fed no fiber or CWB in the experimental period. In conclusion, reducing dietary CP decreased growth performance and the inclusion of cellulose improved fecal DM of nursery pigs.

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