scholarly journals Mitochondrial dynamics and interorganellar communication in the development and dysmorphism of mammalian oocytes

2019 ◽  
Vol 167 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Udagawa ◽  
Naotada Ishihara
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Oocyte Maturation ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Morphological Abnormalities ◽  
Cellular Events

Abstract Mitochondria play many critical roles in cells, not only by supplying energy, but also by supplying metabolites, buffering Ca2+ levels and regulating apoptosis. During oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development, mitochondria change their morphology by membrane fusion and fission, and coordinately undergo multiple cellular events with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) closely apposed. Mitochondrial fusion and fission, known as mitochondrial dynamics, are regulated by family members of dynamin GTPases. Oocytes in animal models with these regulators artificially altered exhibit morphological abnormalities in nearby mitochondria and at the ER interface that are reminiscent of major cytoplasmic dysmorphisms in human assisted reproductive technology, in which a portion of mature oocytes retrieved from patients contain cytoplasmic dysmorphisms associated with mitochondria and ER abnormal morphologies. Understanding organelle morpho-homeostasis in oocytes obtained from animal models will contribute to the development of novel methods for determining oocyte health and for how to deal with dysmorphic oocytes.

Male age negatively impacts embryo development and reproductive outcome in donor oocyte assisted reproductive technology cycles

2008 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Frattarelli ◽  
Kathleen A. Miller ◽  
Bradley T. Miller ◽  
Karen Elkind-Hirsch ◽  
Richard T. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Reproductive Outcome ◽  
Male Age ◽  
Donor Oocyte ◽  
Technology Cycles

scholarly journals Peripheral action of kisspeptin at reproductive tissues—role in ovarian function and embryo implantation and relevance to assisted reproductive technology in livestock: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1157-1170
Author(s):  
Michael J D’Occhio ◽  
Giuseppe Campanile ◽  
Pietro S Baruselli
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽  
Oocyte Maturation ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Blastocyst Development ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Gnrh Secretion ◽  
Reproductive Tissues

Abstract Kisspeptin (KISS1) is encoded by the KISS1 gene and was initially found to be a repressor of metastasis. Natural mutations in the KISS1 receptor gene (KISS1R) were subsequently shown to be associated with idiopathic hypothalamic hypogonadism and impaired puberty. This led to interest in the role of KISS1 in reproduction. It was established that KISS1 had a fundamental role in the control of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. KISS1 neurons have receptors for leptin and estrogen receptor α (ERα), which places KISS1 at the gateway of metabolic (leptin) and gonadal (ERα) regulation of GnRH secretion. More recently, KISS1 has been shown to act at peripheral reproductive tissues. KISS1 and KISS1R genes are expressed in follicles (granulosa, theca, oocyte), trophoblast, and uterus. KISS1 and KISS1R proteins are found in the same tissues. KISS1 appears to have autocrine and paracrine actions in follicle and oocyte maturation, trophoblast development, and implantation and placentation. In some studies, KISS1 was beneficial to in vitro oocyte maturation and blastocyst development. The next phase of KISS1 research will explore potential benefits on embryo survival and pregnancy. This will likely involve longer-term KISS1 treatments during proestrus, early embryo development, trophoblast attachment, and implantation and pregnancy. A deeper understanding of the direct action of KISS1 at reproductive tissues could help to achieve the next step change in embryo survival and improvement in the efficiency of assisted reproductive technology.

scholarly journals Towards the automation of early-stage human embryo development detection

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidas Raudonis ◽  
Agne Paulauskaite-Taraseviciene ◽  
Kristina Sutiene ◽  
Domas Jonaitis
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Human Embryo ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
In Vitro Fertilisation ◽  
Human Embryo Development

Abstract Background Infertility and subfertility affect a significant proportion of humanity. Assisted reproductive technology has been proven capable of alleviating infertility issues. In vitro fertilisation is one such option whose success is highly dependent on the selection of a high-quality embryo for transfer. This is typically done manually by analysing embryos under a microscope. However, evidence has shown that the success rate of manual selection remains low. The use of new incubators with integrated time-lapse imaging system is providing new possibilities for embryo assessment. As such, we address this problem by proposing an approach based on deep learning for automated embryo quality evaluation through the analysis of time-lapse images. Automatic embryo detection is complicated by the topological changes of a tracked object. Moreover, the algorithm should process a large number of image files of different qualities in a reasonable amount of time. Methods We propose an automated approach to detect human embryo development stages during incubation and to highlight embryos with abnormal behaviour by focusing on five different stages. This method encompasses two major steps. First, the location of an embryo in the image is detected by employing a Haar feature-based cascade classifier and leveraging the radiating lines. Then, a multi-class prediction model is developed to identify a total cell number in the embryo using the technique of deep learning. Results The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an accuracy of at least 90% in the detection of embryo location. The implemented deep learning approach to identify the early stages of embryo development resulted in an overall accuracy of over 92% using the selected architectures of convolutional neural networks. The most problematic stage was the 3-cell stage, presumably due to its short duration during development. Conclusion This research contributes to the field by proposing a model to automate the monitoring of early-stage human embryo development. Unlike in other imaging fields, only a few published attempts have involved leveraging deep learning in this field. Therefore, the approach presented in this study could be used in the creation of novel algorithms integrated into the assisted reproductive technology used by embryologists.

Phosphatidylinositol metabolism and membrane fusion

2009 ◽  
Vol 418 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Poccia ◽  
Banafshé Larijani
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Recognition Sites ◽  
Nuclear Envelope Formation ◽  
Membrane Recognition ◽  
Regulatory Functions

Membrane fusion underlies many cellular events, including secretion, exocytosis, endocytosis, organelle reconstitution, transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi and nuclear envelope formation. A large number of investigations into membrane fusion indicate various roles for individual members of the phosphoinositide class of membrane lipids. We first review the phosphoinositides as membrane recognition sites and their regulatory functions in membrane fusion. We then consider how modulation of phosphoinositides and their products may affect the structure and dynamics of natural membranes facilitating fusion. These diverse roles underscore the importance of these phospholipids in the fusion of biological membranes.

The Sperm Centrosome: Its Role and Significance in Nature and Human Assisted Reproduction

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heide Schatten ◽  
Vanesa Y. Rawe ◽  
Qing-Yuan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Cilia Formation ◽  
Sperm Aster

In humans and other non-rodent mammalian species, the sperm's centriole-centrosome complex is an essential component for successful fertilization and serves as template for all centrioles during subsequent cell divisions, embryo development, divisions of most adult somatic cells, as well as in primary cilia formation and functions. Dysfunctions of this complex can be causes for infertility, developmental disorders, and play a role in various adulthood diseases. While assisted reproductive technology (ART) has been able to overcome sperm motility dysfunctions by employing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), we currently do not yet have therapies to overcome dysfunctions of the centriole-centrosome complex although several lines of investigations have addressed the causes for centriole-centrosome dysfunctions and implications for sperm aster formation and union of the parental genomes. The present review highlights the importance of the centriole-centrosome complex and its significance for fertilization and embryo development.

scholarly journals Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in Mammalian Oocyte Maturation and Preimplantation Embryo Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Lin ◽  
Jae Lee ◽  
Jung Kang ◽  
Hyeon Shin ◽  
Ju Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Oocyte Maturation ◽  
Preimplantation Embryo ◽  
Preimplantation Embryo Development ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Protein Response

Mammalian oocytes and early embryos derived from in vitro production are highly susceptible to a variety of cellular stresses. During oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development, functional proteins must be folded properly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to maintain oocyte and embryo development. However, some adverse factors negatively impact ER functions and protein synthesis, resulting in the activation of ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways. ER stress and UPR signaling have been identified in mammalian oocytes and embryos produced in vitro, suggesting that modulation of ER stress and UPR signaling play very important roles in oocyte maturation and the development of preimplantation embryos. In this review, we briefly describe the current state of knowledge regarding ER stress, UPR signaling pathways, and their roles and mechanisms in mammalian (excluding human) oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development.

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