scholarly journals Impact of geomechanical heterogeneity on multiple hydraulic fracture propagation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 954-969
Author(s):  
Yunlin Gao ◽  
Huiqing Liu ◽  
Chao Pu ◽  
Huiying Tang ◽  
Kun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Sequential Gaussian Simulation ◽  
Hydraulic Fractures ◽  
Multiple Fractures ◽  
Shadow Effect ◽  
Stress Shadow

Abstract To extract more gas from shale gas reservoirs, the spacing among hydraulic fractures should be made smaller, resulting in a significant stress shadow effect. Most studies regarding the stress shadow effect are based on the assumption of homogeneity in rock properties. However, strong heterogeneity has been observed in shale reservoirs, and the results obtained with homogeneous models can be different from practical situations. A series of case studies have been conducted in this work to understand the effects of mechanical heterogeneity on multiple fracture propagation. Fracture propagation was simulated using the extended finite element method. A sequential Gaussian simulation was performed to generate a heterogeneous distribution of geomechanical properties. According to the simulation results, the difficulty of fracture propagation is negatively correlated with the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, and positively correlated with tensile strength. When each of the multiple fractures propagates in a homogeneous area with different mechanical properties, the final geometry of the fracture is similar to homogeneous conditions. When the rock parameter is a random field or heterogeneity perpendicular to the propagation direction of fracture, the fracture will no longer take the wellbore as the center of symmetry. Based on the analysis of fracture propagation in random fields, a small variance of elastic parameters can result in asymmetrical propagation of multiple fractures. Moreover, the asymmetrical propagation of hydraulic fractures is more sensitive to the heterogeneity of Poisson's ratio than Young's modulus. This study emphasises the importance of considering geomechanical heterogeneity and provides some meaningful suggestions regarding hydraulic fracturing designs.

From Peak Force Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping Measurements to Triaxial Testing: A Comparative Study of Geomechanical Properties of Clay-Rich Carbonates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim S. Mews ◽  
Mustafa M. Alhubail ◽  
Luka Hansen ◽  
Hem B. Motra ◽  
Frank Wuttke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Triaxial Testing ◽  
Hydraulic Fractures ◽  
True Triaxial ◽  
Geomechanical Properties ◽  
Drill Cutting

Abstract The assessment of geomechanical properties of unconventional reservoirs is significant as they assist in placement as well as understanding of the geometry and properties of multi-stage hydraulic fractures in horizontal wells. Severe heterogeneities at micro-scale in addition to possibility of having non-intact samples provide opportunities for using micro-mechanics techniques on drill cutting size samples. This will lead to not only have a continuous log of geomechanical properties on heterogeneous formations but also be able to measure the mechanical properties of non-intact samples accurately. This study presents a multi-scale comparison of the elastic properties such as Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio on the Eagle Ford Formation. Peak Force Quantitative Nano-mechanical (PF-QNM) AFM-based technique has been performed and compared with true triaxial testing. A new model for AFM evaluation that corrects Young’s modulus in dependency of Poisson’s ratio has been developed. The results indicate that the distribution of Young’s modulus is separated into two regions, one dominated by brittle minerals indicating higher values and one dominated by ductile rock components resulting in lower values. The findings are significant as PF-QNM testing can be performed where only drill cutting-size samples are available, as it shows strong agreement with the triaxial testing result.

Determination of Poisson's Ratio of Thin low-k Films using Bidirectional Thermal Expansion Measurement

2006 ◽  
Vol 914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiping Ye ◽  
Satoshi Shimizu ◽  
Shigeo Sato ◽  
Nobuo Kojima ◽  
Junnji Noro
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Thermal Expansion Measurement ◽  
Low K

AbstractA recently developed bidirectional thermal expansion measurement (BTEM) method was applied to different types of low-k films to substantiate the reliability of the Poisson's ratio found with this technique and thereby to corroborate its practical utility. In this work, the Poisson's ratio was determined by obtaining the temperature gradient of the biaxial thermal stress from substrate curvature measurements, the temperature gradient of the whole thermal expansion strain along the film thickness from x-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements, and reduced modulus of the film from nanoindentation measurements. For silicon oxide-based SiOC film having a thickness of 382.5 nm, the Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus and thermal extension coefficient (TEC) were determined to be Vf = 0.26, αf =21 ppm/K and Ef =9,7 GPa. These data are close to the levels of metals and polymers rather than the levels of fused silicon oxide, which is characterized by Vf = 0.17 and Er = 69.6 GPa. The alkyl component in the silicon oxide-based framework is thought to act as an agent in reducing the modulus and elevating the Poisson's ratio in SiOC low-k materials. In the case of an organic polymer SiLK film with a thickness of 501.5 nm, the Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus and TEC were determined to be Vf = 0.39, αf =74 ppm/K and Er =3.1 GPa, which are in the typical range of V= 0.34~0.47 with E =1.0~10 GPa for polymer materials. From the viewpoint of the relationship between the Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus as classified by different material types, the Poisson's ratios found for the silicon oxide-based SiOC and organic SiLK films are reasonable values, thereby confirming that BTEM is a reliable and effective method for evaluating the Poisson's ratio of thin films.

Measurement of Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio of Thin Film by Combination of Bulge Test and Nano-Indentation

2008 ◽  
Vol 33-37 ◽  
pp. 969-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bong Bu Jung ◽  
Seong Hyun Ko ◽  
Hun Kee Lee ◽  
Hyun Chul Park
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Indentation Test ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Bulge Test ◽  
Nano Indentation

This paper will discuss two different techniques to measure mechanical properties of thin film, bulge test and nano-indentation test. In the bulge test, uniform pressure applies to one side of thin film. Measurement of the membrane deflection as a function of the applied pressure allows one to determine the mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus and the residual stress. Nano-indentation measurements are accomplished by pushing the indenter tip into a sample and then withdrawing it, recording the force required as a function of position. . In this study, modified King’s model can be used to estimate the mechanical properties of the thin film in order to avoid the effect of substrates. Both techniques can be used to determine Young’s modulus or Poisson’s ratio, but in both cases knowledge of the other variables is needed. However, the mathematical relationship between the modulus and Poisson's ratio is different for the two experimental techniques. Hence, achieving agreement between the techniques means that the modulus and Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus of thin films can be determined with no a priori knowledge of either.

Multi-Parameter Optimization to Improve the Erosion Resistance of Coating by Fe Simulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Li ◽  
Liuxi Cai ◽  
Shun-sen Wang ◽  
Zhenping Feng
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Impact Velocity ◽  
Coating Thickness ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Erosion Resistance ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Tio2 Coating ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Stress Peak

Abstract Finite element method (FEM) was used to study the stress peak of stress S11 (Radial stress component in X-axis) on the steam turbine blade surface of four typical erosion-resistant coatings (Fe2B, CrN, Cr3C2-NiCr and Al2O3-13%TiO2). The effect of four parameters, such as impact velocity, coating thickness, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio on the stress peak of stress S11 were analyzed. Results show that: the position of tensile stress peak and compressive stress peak of stress S11 are far away from the impact center point with the increase of impact velocity. When coating thickness is equal to or greater than 10μm, the magnitude of tensile stress peak of stress S11 on the four coating surfaces does not change with the coating thickness at different impact velocities. When coating thickness is equal to or greater than 2μm, the magnitude of tensile stress peak of stress S11 of four coatings show a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of Young's modulus. Meanwhile, the larger the Poisson's ratio, the smaller the tensile stress peak of stress S11. After optimization, When coating thickness is 2μm, Poisson's ratio is 0.35 and Young's modulus is 800 GPa, the Fe2B coating has the strongest erosion resistance under the same impact conditions, followed by Cr3C2-NiCr, CrN, and the Al2O3- 13%TiO2 coating, Al2O3-13%TiO2 coating has the worst erosion resistance.

scholarly journals Finite Element Analysis of Tibial Bone-Implant Load Transfer and Bone Strains with a Modern Fixed-bearing Total Ankle Replacement

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0011
Author(s):  
Daniel Sturnick ◽  
Guilherme Saito ◽  
Jonathan Deland ◽  
Constantine Demetracopoulos ◽  
Xiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Tibial Component ◽  
Load Transfer ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Stress Shielding ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Bone Implant ◽  
Tibial Tray ◽  
Tibial Bone

Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Loosening of the tibial component is the primary failure mode in total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). The mechanics of the tibial component loosening has not been fully elucidated. Clinically observed radiolucency and cyst formation in the periprosthetic bone may be associated with unfavorable load sharing at and adjacent to the tibial bone-implant interface contributory to implant loosening. However, no study has fully investigated the load transfer from the tibial component to the bone under multiaxial loads in the ankle. The objective of this study was to utilize subject-specific finite element (FE) models to investigate the load transfer through tibial bone-implant interface, as well as periprosthetic bone strains under simulated multiaxial loads. Methods: Bone-implant FE models were developed from CT datasets of three cadaveric specimens that underwent TAA using a modern fixed-bearing tibial implant (a cobalt-chrome tray with a polyethylene bearing, Salto Talaris, Integra LifeSciences). Implant placement was estimated from the post-operative CT scans. Bone was modeled as isotropic elastic material with inhomogeneous Young’s modulus (determined from CT Hounsfield units) and a uniform Poisson’s ratio of 0.3. The tibial tray (Young’s modulus: 200,000 MPa, Poisson’s ratio: 0.3) and the polyethylene bearing (Young’s modulus: 600 MPa, Poisson’s ratio: 0.4) were modeled as isotropic elastic. A 100-N compressive force, a 300-N anterior force, and a 3-Nm moment were applied to two literature based loading regions on the surface of the polyethylene bearing. The proximal tibia was fixed in all directions. The bone-implant contact was modeled as frictional with a coefficient of 0.7, whereas the polyethylene bearing was bonded to the tray. Results: Along the long axis of the tibia, load was transferred to the bone primarily through the flat bone-contacting base of the tibial tray and the cylindrical top of the keel, little amount of load was transferred to the bone between those two features (Fig. 1A). Low strain was observed in bone regions medial and lateral to the keel of the tibial tray, where bone cysts were often observed clinically (Fig. 1A). On average, approximated 70% of load was transferred through the anterior aspect of the tibial tray at the flat bone-contacting base, which corresponded to the relatively high bone strain adjacent to the implant edge in the anterior bone-implant interface (Fig. 1B). Conclusion: Our results demonstrated a two-step load transfer pattern along the long axis of the tibia, revealing regions with low bone strain peripheral to the keel indicative to stress shielding. Those regions were consistent with the locations of bone cysts observed clinically, which may be explained by the stress shielding associated remodeling of bone. These findings could also describe the mechanism of implant loosening and failure. Future studies may use our model to simulate more loading scenarios, as well as different implant placement and design, to identify means to optimize load transfer to the bone and prevent stress shielding.

The Effect of Design Changes on Sound Transmission through a Building

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-185
Author(s):  
Robert J.M. Craik
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Sound Transmission ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Room Size ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Small Change ◽  
The Individual

A statistical energy analysis model of a building was used to assess the effect of design changes on sound transmission. Systematic changes were made to the material properties (density, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and internal loss factor) and to the dimensions (thickness and room size). These changes resulted in a redistribution of the energy throughout the building causing the noise level to go up in some rooms and to go down in others. For each case examined it was found that the effect of several changes could be estimated from the sum of the individual changes. Thus a change of 20% in the density resulted in approximately double the change in DnTw that was obtained from a 10% change in density. The same additive effect was also found to apply if more than one variable was changed at the same time. Thus the change in DnTw resulting from a small change in Young's modulus for the floors and a small change in the density of the walls can be estimated from the sum of the two individual effects. Changes to the thickness and density of the walls and floors have the greatest effect on sound transmission whilst changes to Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio have a much smaller effect. Damping can also have a significant effect on transmission particularly far from the source.

Edge Effects of a Hexagonal Honeycomb on the Poisson's Ratio and Young's Modulus

2020 ◽  
Vol 257 (10) ◽  
pp. 1900511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Sandre Farrugia ◽  
Ruben Gatt ◽  
Sebastiaan De Vrieze ◽  
Christos Mellos ◽  
Joseph N. Grima
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Edge Effects ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Poisson's Ratio
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