The cell cycle, including the mitotic cycle and organelle division cycles, as revealed by cytological observations

Microscopy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S117-S136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Imoto ◽  
Y. Yoshida ◽  
F. Yagisawa ◽  
H. Kuroiwa ◽  
T. Kuroiwa
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Organelle Division

DURATION OF MITOTIC CYCLE IN BRAIN CELLS OF THE MOSQUITO, AEDES DORSALIS

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asit B. Mukherjee ◽  
Don M. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Duration Of Mitosis ◽  
High Resolution Autoradiography

Duration of the mitotic cycle and its various phases in the dividing brain cells of Aedes dorsalis larvae has been determined by high-resolution autoradiography. The length of the cell cycle is 10 hours. The duration of G1 is about 1 hour and 15 minutes, DNA synthetic period (S) is approximately 7 hours, G2 is 1 hour and the duration of mitosis (M) is about 45 minutes.

scholarly journals Cell Cycle-regulated, Microtubule-independent Organelle Division in Cyanidioschyzon merolae

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 2493-2502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiji Nishida ◽  
Fumi Yagisawa ◽  
Haruko Kuroiwa ◽  
Toshiyuki Nagata ◽  
Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Spindle Pole ◽  
Chloroplast Division ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Cyanidioschyzon Merolae ◽  
Microtubule Organization ◽  
Mitochondrial Division ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Division Site ◽  
Organelle Division

Mitochondrial and chloroplast division controls the number and morphology of organelles, but how cells regulate organelle division remains to be clarified. Here, we show that each step of mitochondrial and chloroplast division is closely associated with the cell cycle in Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Electron microscopy revealed direct associations between the spindle pole bodies and mitochondria, suggesting that mitochondrial distribution is physically coupled with mitosis. Interconnected organelles were fractionated under microtubule-stabilizing condition. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the protein levels required for organelle division increased before microtubule changes upon cell division, indicating that regulation of protein expression for organelle division is distinct from that of cytokinesis. At the mitochondrial division site, dynamin stuck to one of the divided mitochondria and was spatially associated with the tip of a microtubule stretching from the other one. Inhibition of microtubule organization, proteasome activity or DNA synthesis, respectively, induced arrested cells with divided but shrunk mitochondria, with divided and segregated mitochondria, or with incomplete mitochondrial division restrained at the final severance, and repetitive chloroplast division. The results indicated that mitochondrial morphology and segregation but not division depend on microtubules and implied that the division processes of the two organelles are regulated at distinct checkpoints.

Cell-cycle-dependent effects of sodium-n-butyrate in Physarum polycephalum

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-311
Author(s):  
P. Loidl ◽  
P. Grobner ◽  
A. Csordas ◽  
B. Puschendorf
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Physarum Polycephalum ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Retarding Effect ◽  
Rna And Protein Synthesis ◽  
Cycle Dependent

Sodium-n-butyrate affects the length of the mitotic cycle of Physarum polycephalum. Application during S- or early G2-period results in a delay of the subsequent mitosis, whereas application later in the cycle has no delaying effect. Interestingly, the second mitotic cycle after application is considerably shortened when butyrate has been administered during S- or early G2-period of the preceding cycle. In comparison, other homologous short-chain fatty acids were tested; the retarding effect on mitosis increases with the number of carbon atoms, although only butyrate can shorten the second mitotic cycle. It is shown that butyrate causes an immediate depression of synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein. After a certain time-interval the plasmodium overcomes the butyrate block. DNA synthesis is fully recovered and the inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis is even overcompensated until the next mitosis, as reflected by elevated levels of RNA and protein.

The Effect of Enucleation on Flagellar Regeneration in the Protozoon Peranema Trichophorum

1969 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
S. L. TAMM
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Regeneration Capacity ◽  
Flagellar Regeneration ◽  
Single Living Cells ◽  
Single Living

A rotocompressor was used to enucleate the flagellate protozoon Peranema trichophorum at known stages in the mitotic cycle. This new enucleation technique, combined with recently devised methods for amputating the flagellum and recording its regeneration in single living cells, permitted the investigation of the role of the nucleus in flagellar regeneration at different cell ages. The flagellar regeneration capacity of an enucleate Peranema depended on the stage in the cell cycle when the nucleus was removed. Post-division enucleate cells regenerated about half the length reached by sham-operated controls, and at slower rates, while predivision enucleate cells regenerated flagella equally as well as the controls. Therefore, the nucleus is making an immediate contribution to flagellar regeneration early in the cell cycle, but not late in the cell cycle.

scholarly journals A Meiosis-Specific Cyclin Regulated by Splicing Is Required for Proper Progression through Meiosis

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (15) ◽  
pp. 6330-6337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Malapeira ◽  
Alberto Moldón ◽  
Elena Hidalgo ◽  
Gerald R. Smith ◽  
Paul Nurse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Chromosome Segregation ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Mitotic Cell ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Mitotic Cell Cycle ◽  
Meiotic Cell ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinases ◽  
Negative Factor

ABSTRACT The meiotic cell cycle is modified from the mitotic cell cycle by having a premeiotic S phase which leads to high levels of recombination, a reductional pattern of chromosome segregation at the first division, and a second division with no intervening DNA synthesis. Cyclin-dependent kinases are essential for progression through the meiotic cell cycle, as for the mitotic cycle. Here we show that a fission yeast cyclin, Rem1, is present only during meiosis. Cells lacking Rem1 have impaired meiotic recombination, and Rem1 is required for premeiotic DNA synthesis when Cig2 is not present. rem1 expression is regulated at the level of both transcription and splicing, with Mei4 as a positive and Cig2 a negative factor of rem1 splicing. This regulation ensures the timely appearance of the different cyclins during meiosis, which is required for the proper progression through the meiotic cell cycle. We propose that the meiosis-specific B-type cyclin Rem1 has a central role in bringing about progression through meiosis.

scholarly journals Centrioles in the cell cycle. I. Epithelial cells.

1982 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 938-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
I A Vorobjev ◽  
Chentsov YuS
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Spindle Pole ◽  
Pig Kidney ◽  
Spindle Poles ◽  
Mother And Daughter ◽  
Mother Centriole ◽  
Spindle Microtubules ◽  
S Period ◽  
Number Of Cells

A study was made of the structure of the centrosome in the cell cycle in a nonsynchronous culture of pig kidney embryo (PE) cells. In the spindle pole of the metaphase cell there are two mutually perpendicular centrioles (mother and daughter) which differ in their ultrastructure. An electron-dense halo, which surrounds only the mother centriole and is the site where spindle microtubules converge, disappears at the end of telophase. In metaphase and anaphase, the mother centriole is situated perpendicular to the spindle axis. At the beginning of the G1 period, pericentriolar satellites are formed on the mother centriole with microtubules attached to them; the two centrioles diverge. The structures of the two centrioles differ throughout interphase; the mother centriole has appendages, the daughter does not. Replication of the centrioles occurs approximately in the middle of the S period. The structure of the procentrioles differs sharply from that of the mature centriole. Elongation of procentrioles is completed in prometaphase, and their structure undergoes a number of successive changes. In the G2 period, pericentriolar satellites disappear and some time later a fibrillar halo is formed on both mother centrioles, i.e., spindle poles begin to form. In the cells that have left the mitotic cycle (G0 period), replication of centrioles does not take place; in many cells, a cilium is formed on the mother centriole. In a small number of cells a cilium is formed in the S and G2 periods, but unlike the cilium in the G0 period it does not reach the surface of the cell. In all cases, it locates on the centriole with appendages. At the beginning of the G1 period, during the G2 period, and in nonciliated cells in the G0 period, one of the centrioles is situated perpendicular to the substrate. On the whole, it takes a mature centriole a cycle and a half to form in PE cells.

scholarly journals In Vitro Development of Porcine Nuclear-Transferred Embryos Derived from Fibroblast Cells Analysed Cytometrically for Apoptosis Incidence and Accuracy of Cell Cycle Synchronization at the G0/G1 Stages / Rozwój In Vitro Klonalnych Zarodków Świni Zrekonstruowanych Z Jąder Komórkowych Fibroblastów Cytometrycznie Analizowanych Pod Kątem Częstotliwości Występowania Śmierci Apoptotycznej I Efektywności Synchronizacji Cyklu Mitotycznego W Fazach G0/G1

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Samiec ◽  
Maria Skrzyszowska ◽  
Michał Bochenek
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Fibroblast Cell ◽  
Contact Inhibition ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Flow Cytometric

Abstract The study was undertaken to examine whether various strategies, including contact inhibition and serum starvation, that were used for artificial synchronization of mitotic cycle of porcine fibroblast cell lines affect differently the distribution of cell cycle stage frequencies and the occurrence of apoptotic cell death in the analysed cell samples. In vitro cultured (contact-inhibited or serumstarved) somatic cells were subjected to flow cytometric diagnostics of mitotic cycle together with the detection of late-apoptotic cell fractions with hypodiploid number of nuclear DNA molecules. Moreover, impact of the methods applied to synchronize the cell division cycle of different types of nuclear donor fibroblast cells (adult cutaneous and foetal fibroblasts) on the preimplantation developmental outcomes of cloned pig embryos was investigated. The developmental capabilities of nuclear-transferred (NT) embryos that were reconstituted with contact-inhibited or serum-depleted adult cutaneous fibroblast cells to reach the morula and blastocyst stages remained at the levels of 169/278 (60.8%) and 76/278 (27.3%) or 121/265 (45.7%) and 46/265 (17.4%), respectively. The proportions of NT embryos originating from contact-inhibited or serum-deprived foetal fibroblast cells that completed their development to the morula and blastocyst stages were 223/296 (75.3%) and 108/296 (36.5%) or 165/261 (63.2%) and 67/261 (25.7%), respectively. In conclusion, the flow cytometric analysis of cultured porcine adult cutaneous and foetal fibroblast cells revealed the high efficiency of the artificial synchronization of mitotic cycle at the G0/G1 stages as a consequence of applying the methods of either contact inhibition or serum deprivation. For both types of fibroblast cells used to reconstruct the enucleated oocytes, the strategies that were utilized to synchronize the cell division cycle of nuclear donor cells considerably influenced the in vitro developmental abilities of NT pig embryos. Developmental competencies to reach the morula/blastocyst stages for cloned embryos that had been reconstructed with contact-inhibited or serum-starved foetal fibroblast cell nuclei were significantly higher than those for embryos that had been reconstructed with contact-inhibited or serum-starved adult cutaneous fibroblast cell nuclei.

scholarly journals Cytogenetic and Cytochemical Studies on Marrow Cells in B12 and Folate Deficiency

Blood ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSA C. MENZIES ◽  
PETER E. CROSSEN ◽  
PETER H. FITZGERALD ◽  
FREDERICK W. GUNZ
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Folate Deficiency ◽  
Dna Metabolism ◽  
Functional Defect ◽  
Cellular Dna ◽  
Marrow Cells

Abstract In order to define the functional defect in marrow cells in B12 and folate deficiency, ten patients were investigated. Chromosome studies showed alterations similar to those produced experimentally by agents interfering with DNA metabolism. Measurements of the DNA content of individual cells in the resting and synthetic stages of the mitotic cycle suggested arrest of DNA synthesis in a proportion of cells, or alternatively prolongation of the S and G2 phases. It was concluded that in these deficiency states changes in the cellular DNA metabolism may cause disturbances during both the mitotic and intermitotic stages of the cell cycle, and that these may account for the deficient production of the various classes of blood cells.

scholarly journals Reprogramming the Cell Cycle for Endoreduplication in Rodent Trophoblast Cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair MacAuley ◽  
James C. Cross ◽  
Zena Werb
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Giant Cell ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Mitotic Cell ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Cyclin B ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Trophoblast Giant Cells ◽  
Cycle Regulation

Differentiation of trophoblast giant cells in the rodent placenta is accompanied by exit from the mitotic cell cycle and onset of endoreduplication. Commitment to giant cell differentiation is under developmental control, involving down-regulation of Id1and Id2, concomitant with up-regulation of the basic helix-loop-helix factor Hxt and acquisition of increased adhesiveness. Endoreduplication disrupts the alternation of DNA synthesis and mitosis that maintains euploid DNA content during proliferation. To determine how the mammalian endocycle is regulated, we examined the expression of the cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases during the transition from replication to endoreduplication in the Rcho-1 rat choriocarcinoma cell line. We cultured these cells under conditions that gave relatively synchronous endoreduplication. This allowed us to study the events that occur during the transition from the mitotic cycle to the first endocycle. With giant cell differentiation, the cells switched cyclin D isoform expression from D3 to D1 and altered several checkpoint functions, acquiring a relative insensitivity to DNA-damaging agents and a coincident serum independence. The initiation of S phase during endocycles appeared to involve cycles of synthesis of cyclins E and A, and termination of S was associated with abrupt loss of cyclin A and E. Both cyclins were absent from gap phase cells, suggesting that their degradation may be necessary to allow reinitiation of the endocycle. The arrest of the mitotic cycle at the onset of endoreduplication was associated with a failure to assemble cyclin B/p34cdk1complexes during the first endocycle. In subsequent endocycles, cyclin B expression was suppressed. Together these data suggest several points at which cell cycle regulation could be targeted to shift cells from a mitotic to an endoreduplicative cycle.

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