scholarly journals Absence of Lymphatic Vessels in PCNSL May Contribute to Confinement of Tumor Cells to the Central Nervous System

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 499-502
Author(s):  
Martina Deckert ◽  
Anna Brunn ◽  
Manuel Montesinos-Rongen ◽  
Reiner Siebert
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

2021 ◽  
pp. 725-852
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Emotion Memory ◽  
Different Cell Types

‘Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology’ covers the anatomy and organization of the central nervous system, including the skull and cervical vertebrae, the meninges, the blood and lymphatic vessels, muscles and nerves of the head and neck, and the structures of the eye, ear, and central nervous system. At a cellular level, the different cell types and the mechanism of transmission across synapses are considered, including excitatory and inhibitory synapses. This is followed by a review of the major control and sensory systems (including movement, information processing, locomotion, reflexes, and the main five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell). The integration of these processes into higher functions (such as sleep, consciousness and coma, emotion, memory, and ageing) is discussed, along with the causes and treatments of disorders of diseases such as depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, addiction, and degenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Current Understanding of Central Nervous System Drainage Systems: Implications in the Context of Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1054-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Nikolenko ◽  
Marine V. Oganesyan ◽  
Angela D. Vovkogon ◽  
Arina T. Nikitina ◽  
Ekaterina A. Sozonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Glymphatic System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Function

Until recently, it was thought that there were no lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, all metabolic processes were assumed to take place only in the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and through the blood-brain barrier’s (BBB), which regulate ion transport and ensure the functioning of the CNS. However, recent findings yield a new perspective: There is an exchange of CSF with interstitial fluid (ISF), which is drained to the paravenous space and reaches lymphatic nodes at the end. This circulation is known as the glymphatic system. The glymphatic system is an extensive network of meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLV) in the basal area of the skull that provides another path for waste products from CNS to reach the bloodstream. MLV develop postnatally, initially appearing around the foramina in the basal part of the skull and the spinal cord, thereafter sprouting along the skull’s blood vessels and spinal nerves in various areas of the meninges. VEGF-C protein (vascular endothelial growth factor), expressed mainly by vascular smooth cells, plays an important role in the development of the MLV. The regenerative potential and plasticity of MLV and the novel discoveries related to CNS drainage offer potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia, hydrocephalus, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer disease (AD). Herein, we present an overview of the structure and function of the glymphatic system and MLV, and their potential involvement in the pathology and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Netrin-1 in Glioblastoma Neovascularization: The New Partner in Crime?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8248
Author(s):  
Ximena Vásquez ◽  
Pilar Sánchez-Gómez ◽  
Verónica Palma
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Primary Tumor ◽  
Tumor Vasculature ◽  
Form Part ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common primary tumor of the central nervous system. It is characterized by having an infiltrating growth and by the presence of an excessive and aberrant vasculature. Some of the mechanisms that promote this neovascularization are angiogenesis and the transdifferentiation of tumor cells into endothelial cells or pericytes. In all these processes, the release of extracellular microvesicles by tumor cells plays an important role. Tumor cell-derived extracellular microvesicles contain pro-angiogenic molecules such as VEGF, which promote the formation of blood vessels and the recruitment of pericytes that reinforce these structures. The present study summarizes and discusses recent data from different investigations suggesting that Netrin-1, a highly versatile protein recently postulated as a non-canonical angiogenic ligand, could participate in the promotion of neovascularization processes in GBM. The relevance of determining the angiogenic signaling pathways associated with the interaction of Netrin-1 with its receptors is posed. Furthermore, we speculate that this molecule could form part of the microvesicles that favor abnormal tumor vasculature. Based on the studies presented, this review proposes Netrin-1 as a novel biomarker for GBM progression and vascularization.

Vitamin C uptake and recycling among normal and tumor cells from the central nervous system

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 146-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allisson Astuya ◽  
Teresa Caprile ◽  
Maite Castro ◽  
Katterine Salazar ◽  
María de los Angeles García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Anatomical Features of the Deep Cervical Lymphatic System and Intrajugular Lymphatic Vessels in Humans

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 953
Author(s):  
Kaan Yağmurlu ◽  
Jennifer D. Sokolowski ◽  
Musa Çırak ◽  
Kamran Urgun ◽  
Sauson Soldozy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Jugular Foramen ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Mean Width ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rapid Autopsy

Background: Studies in rodents have re-kindled interest in the study of lymphatics in the central nervous system. Animal studies have demonstrated that there is a connection between the subarachnoid space and deep cervical lymph nodes (DCLNs) through dural lymphatic vessels located in the skull base and the parasagittal area. Objective: To describe the connection of the DCLNs and lymphatic tributaries with the intracranial space through the jugular foramen, and to address the anatomical features and variations of the DCLNs and associated lymphatic channels in the neck. Methods: Twelve formalin-fixed human head and neck specimens were studied. Samples from the dura of the wall of the jugular foramen were obtained from two fresh human cadavers during rapid autopsy. The samples were immunostained with podoplanin and CD45 to highlight lymphatic channels and immune cells, respectively. Results: The mean number of nodes for DCLNs was 6.91 ± 0.58 on both sides. The mean node length was 10.1 ± 5.13 mm, the mean width was 7.03 ± 1.9 mm, and the mean thickness was 4 ± 1.04 mm. Immunohistochemical staining from rapid autopsy samples demonstrated that lymphatic vessels pass from the intracranial compartment into the neck through the meninges at the jugular foramen, through tributaries that can be called intrajugular lymphatic vessels. Conclusions: The anatomical features of the DCLNs and their connections with intracranial lymphatic structures through the jugular foramen represent an important possible route for the spread of cancers to and from the central nervous system; therefore, it is essential to have an in-depth understanding of the anatomy of these lymphatic structures and their variations.

scholarly journals Invasion of the Central Nervous System in a Porcine Host by Nipah Virus

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 7528-7534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Weingartl ◽  
Stefanie Czub ◽  
John Copps ◽  
Yohannes Berhane ◽  
Deborah Middleton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Human Infections

ABSTRACT Nipah virus, a newly emerged zoonotic paramyxovirus, infects a number of species. Human infections were linked to direct contact with pigs, specifically with their body fluids. Clinical signs in human cases indicated primarily involvement of the central nervous system, while in pigs the respiratory system was considered the primary virus target, with only rare involvement of the central nervous system. Eleven 5-week-old piglets were infected intranasally, orally, and ocularly with 2.5 × 105 PFU of Nipah virus per animal and euthanized between 3 and 8 days postinoculation. Nipah virus caused neurological signs in two out of eleven inoculated pigs. The rest of the pigs remained clinically healthy. Virus was detected in the respiratory system (turbinates, nasopharynx, trachea, bronchus, and lung in titers up to 105.3 PFU/g) and in the lymphoreticular system (endothelial cells of blood and lymphatic vessels, submandibular and bronchiolar lymph nodes, tonsil, and spleen with titers up to 106 PFU/g). Virus presence was confirmed in the nervous system of both sick and apparently healthy animals (cranial nerves, trigeminal ganglion, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid, with titers up to 107.7 PFU/g of tissue). Nipah virus distribution was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The study presents novel findings indicating that Nipah virus invaded the central nervous system of the porcine host via cranial nerves as well as by crossing the blood-brain barrier after initial virus replication in the upper respiratory tract.

Meningeal Immunity and Its Function in Maintenance of the Central Nervous System in Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 597-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalil Alves de Lima ◽  
Justin Rustenhoven ◽  
Jonathan Kipnis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease

Neuroimmunology, albeit a relatively established discipline, has recently sparked numerous exciting findings on microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). This review addresses meningeal immunity, a less-studied aspect of neuroimmune interactions. The meninges, a triple layer of membranes—the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater—surround the CNS, encompassing the cerebrospinal fluid produced by the choroid plexus epithelium. Unlike the adjacent brain parenchyma, the meninges contain a wide repertoire of immune cells. These constitute meningeal immunity, which is primarily concerned with immune surveillance of the CNS, and—according to recent evidence—also participates in postinjury CNS recovery, chronic neurodegenerative conditions, and even higher brain function. Meningeal immunity has recently come under the spotlight owing to the characterization of meningeal lymphatic vessels draining the CNS. Here, we review the current state of our understanding of meningeal immunity and its effects on healthy and diseased brains.

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