Intersexual differences in leaf size and shape in dioecious Adriana tomentosa [Euphorbiaceae]

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariola Rabska ◽  
Nigel W M Warwick ◽  
Grzegorz Iszkuło ◽  
Caroline L Gross
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape

Abstract Aims Leaf size and shape as objects of natural selection can play adaptive roles, and can change with the age of leaves. They can differ between sexes in dioecious species, and in most cases, females have larger leaves. Previous studies showed that sexes of Adriana tomentosa differed in their leaf lobing. In this study we investigated whether there were other differences between sexes in leaf size, shape and ecophysiology, and if those differences were connected with adaptations and reproductive roles in the sexes of A. tomentosa. Methods Physical and chemical features of young and old leaves originating from female and male A. tomentosa plants growing in two disjunct populations in eastern Australia were measured. We determined leaf area, perimeter length, serration, circularity, aspect ratio, roundness and the ecophysiological factors: SLA, dry matter content, leaf moisture, RWC, δ 13C, δ 15N isotope ratios, carbon and nitrogen contents and C:N ratio. Leaf lobing, the degree of lamina damage and the content of photosynthetic pigments were also determined. Important Findings In both populations studied, the sex of plants significantly influenced almost all parameters connected with leaf morphology such as area, perimeter length, circularity, aspect ratio and roundness. Contrary to expectations, males from both populations had a greater leaf area that was independent of leaf age. Male leaves were more lobed with a longer perimeter, but they were less elongated and less serrated. Only small differences between female and male leaves were observed for the ecophysiological factors. The degree of leaf damage differed between sexes but also with population. Differences between sexes in leaf area and shape were not compensated by measured ecophysiological factors. However, leaf area may be compensated by other ecophysiological mechanisms related to leaf morphology, because females had greater leaf serration in comparison to males despite the smaller leaf area.

scholarly journals Vein-to-blade ratio is an allometric indicator of climate-induced changes in grapevine leaf size and shape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Chitwood ◽  
Joey Mullins ◽  
Zoë Migicovsky ◽  
Margaret Frank ◽  
Robert VanBuren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Blade Area ◽  
Grapevine Leaves ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape ◽  
Induced Changes

ABSTRACTPremiseAs a leaf expands, its shape dynamically changes. Previously, we documented an allometric relationship between vein and blade area in grapevine leaves. Larger leaves have a smaller ratio of primary and secondary vein area relative to blade area compared to smaller leaves. We sought to use allometry as an indicator of leaf size to measure the environmental effects of climate on grapevine leaf morphology.MethodsWe measure the ratio of vein-to-blade area in 8,412 leaves from the same 208 vines across four growing seasons (2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017) using 21 homologous landmarks. Matching leaves by vine and node, we correlate size and shape of grapevine leaves with climate variables.Key resultsVein-to-blade ratio varies strongly between years in ways that blade or vein area do not. Maximum daily temperature and to a lesser degree precipitation are the most strongly correlated climate variables with vein-to-blade ratio, indicating that smaller leaves are associated with heat waves and drought. Leaf count and overall leaf area of shoots and the vineyard population studied also diminish with heat and drought. Grapevine leaf primordia initiate in buds the year prior to when they emerge, and we find that climate during the previous growing season exerts the largest statistical effects over these relationships.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the profound effects of heat and drought on the vegetative morphology of grapevines and show that vein-to-blade ratio is a strong allometric indicator of the effects of climate on grapevine leaf morphology.

scholarly journals Response of Leaf Traits of Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Broad-Leaved Woody Plants to Climatic Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Kang ◽  
Yanan Li ◽  
Jieyang Zhou ◽  
Shiting Zhang ◽  
Chenxi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Leaf Trait ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Stomata Size ◽  
Organ Level ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape

Plant ecologists have long been interested in quantifying how leaf traits vary with climate factors, but there is a paucity of knowledge on these relationships given a large number of the relevant leaf traits and climate factors to be considered. We examined the responses of 11 leaf traits (including leaf morphology, stomatal structure and chemical properties) to eight common climate factors for 340 eastern Qinghai-Tibetan woody species. We showed temperature as the strongest predictor of leaf size and shape, stomatal size and form, and leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, implying the important role of local heat quantity in determining the variation in the cell- or organ-level leaf morphology and leaf biochemical properties. The effects of moisture-related climate factors (including precipitation and humidity) on leaf growth were mainly through variability in leaf traits (e.g., specific leaf area and stomatal density) related to plant water-use physiological processes. In contrast, sunshine hours affected mainly cell- and organ-level leaf size and shape, with plants developing small/narrow leaves and stomata to decrease leaf damage and water loss under prolonged solar radiation. Moreover, two sets of significant leaf trait-climate relationships, i.e., the leaf/stomata size traits co-varying with temperature, and the water use-related leaf traits co-varying with precipitation, were obtained when analyzing multi-trait relationships, suggesting these traits as good indicators of climate gradients. Our findings contributed evidence to enhance understanding of the regional patterns in leaf trait variation and its environmental determinants.

Herbivory and the evolution of leaf size and shape

1991 ◽  
Vol 333 (1267) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Feeding Efficiency ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Biomechanical Constraints ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape

Why do leaves have such varied sizes and shapes? Part of the answer lies in physiological and biomechanical demands imposed by different habitats; selective forces that are now reasonably well understood. In contrast, the im pact of herbivores on the evolution of leaf size and shape has rarely been investigated and is poorly understood. There are at least six ways in which herbivores, particularly vertebrates and insects, may have influenced the evolution of leaf size and shape, favouring leaf morphologies that differ from those dictated by physiological and biomechanical constraints acting on plants. They are mimicry, not only of leaves of other plant species but also grazed leaves and inanim ate objects; crypsis; physical barriers to being eaten; interspecific differences in leaf morphology to reduce recognition by herbivores; very small or highly divided and dissected leaves that reduce feeding efficiency; and different adult and juvenile foliages. There is an urgent need for studies specifically designed to investigate the im pact of herbivores on leaf size and shape.

scholarly journals High-density QTL mapping of leaf-related traits and chlorophyll content in three soybean RIL populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiye Yu ◽  
Jinshe Wang ◽  
Chongyuan Sun ◽  
Xiaoqian Liu ◽  
Huanqing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape ◽  
Mapping Populations

Abstract Background Leaf size and shape, which affect light capture, and chlorophyll content are important factors affecting photosynthetic efficiency. Genetic variation of these components significantly affects yield potential and seed quality. Identification of the genetic basis for these traits and the relationship between them is of great practical significance for achieving ideal plant architecture and high photosynthetic efficiency for improved yield. Results Here, we undertook a large-scale linkage mapping study using three mapping populations to determine the genetic interplay between soybean leaf-related traits and chlorophyll content across two environments. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between leaf size and shape, while both traits were positively correlated with chlorophyll content. This phenotypic relationship was verified across the three mapping populations as determined by principal component analysis, suggesting that these traits are under the control of complex and interrelated genetic components. The QTLs for leaf-related traits and chlorophyll are partly shared, which further supports the close genetic relationship between the two traits. The largest-effect major loci, q20, was stably identified across all population and environments and harbored the narrow leaflet gene Gm-JAG1 (Ln/ln), which is a key regulator of leaflet shape in soybean. Conclusion Our results uncover several major QTLs (q4–1, q4–2, q11, q13, q18 and q20) and its candidate genes specific or common to leaf-related traits and chlorophyll, and also show a complex epistatic interaction between the two traits. The SNP markers closely linked to these valuable QTLs could be used for molecular design breeding with improved plant architecture, photosynthetic capacity and even yield.

Morphogenesis of simple leaves: regulation of leaf size and shape

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiro E. Rodriguez ◽  
Juan M. Debernardi ◽  
Javier F. Palatnik
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Size ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape

Leaf size and shape in theSphagnum recurvumcomplex: taxonomic significance and habitat variation

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigurd M. SÅ ◽  
Kjell I. Flatberg
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Size ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Habitat Variation ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape

scholarly journals LsAP2 regulates leaf morphology by inhibiting CIN-like TCP transcription factors and repressing LsKAN2 in lettuce

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Luo ◽  
Shenglin Wang ◽  
Kang Ning ◽  
Zijing Chen ◽  
Yixin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Yield ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape

AbstractLeaf size and flatness directly affect photosynthesis and are closely related to agricultural yield. The final leaf size and shape are coordinately determined by cell proliferation, differentiation, and expansion during leaf development. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most important leafy vegetables worldwide, and lettuce leaves vary in shape and size. However, the molecular mechanisms of leaf development in lettuce are largely unknown. In this study, we showed that the lettuce APETALA2 (LsAP2) gene regulates leaf morphology. LsAP2 encodes a transcriptional repressor that contains the conserved EAR motif, which mediates interactions with the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPR) corepressors. Overexpression of LsAP2 led to small and crinkly leaves, and many bulges were seen on the surface of the leaf blade. LsAP2 physically interacted with the CINCINNATA (CIN)-like TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors and inhibited their transcriptional activation activity. RNA sequencing analysis showed that LsAP2 affected the expression of auxin- and polarity-related genes. In addition, LsAP2 directly repressed the abaxial identity gene KANADI2 (LsKAN2). Together, these results indicate that LsAP2 regulates leaf morphology by inhibiting CIN-like TCP transcription factors and repressing LsKAN2, and our work provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms of leaf development in lettuce.

Correlation Between Sizes of Stomata and of Oil Glands in Two Related Eucalyptus Species

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Carr ◽  
SGM Carr
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape

A correlation is described between the sizes of the stomata (length, pole to pole) and diameter of the largest oil glands of two closely related species, previously thought conspecific, of a newly described group (series Lehmannianae) of eucalypts. The oil glands and stomata of E. lehmannii are larger than those of E. conferruminata. The correlation is independent of leaf size and shape. The size correlation has its roots in the fact that both stomata and the largest oil glands have their origin in single epidermal initials.

Tumor Incidence and Shoot Morphology Differences in Rooted Cuttings from Rhododendron With and Without “Tissue Proliferation”

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 478d-478
Author(s):  
Mark H. Brand ◽  
Richard Kiyomoto
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Tumor Incidence ◽  
Stock Plant ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Tissue Proliferation ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape

Tissue proliferation (TP) occurs in Rhododendron and is characterized by basal tumors that often develop numerous dwarf shoots. Growers need to know if the TP condition will persist in plants grown from normal-appearing cuttings collected from plants with TP tumors. Cuttings of seven cultivars were collected from plants with TP [TP(+)] and without TP [TP(-)] and rooted. Plants were grown in containers outdoors for a minimum of 2 years. For all cultivars, plants grown from TP(+) cuttings had more leaves per growth flush than plants grown from TP(-) cuttings. Shoots of TP(+) plants were either similar in length to shoots of TP(-) plants, or were shorter, as was the case for `Boule de Neige', `Catawbiense Album', and `Montego'. `Montego' and `Scintillation' TP(+) leaves were shorter, narrower, had smaller leaf areas and larger length to width rations than leaves from TP(-) shoots. No difference in leaf size and shape were detected for other cultivars. TP tumors were not observed on any plants. Another study examined the effect of stock plant age from tissue culture on development of TP symptoms in rooted cuttings. `Montego' plants grown from cuttings collected from microplants, 3-year-old TP(+) plants, 6-year-old TP(+) plants and TP(-) plants were compared. Plants grown from 6-year-old TP(+) and TP(-) cuttings did not develop tumors. 83% of plants from microplant cuttings and 74% of plants from 3-year-old TP(+) cuttings formed tumors. Plants from microplant cuttings were more likely to develop large tumors that surround half or more of the stem than plants from 3-year-old TP(+) cuttings.

scholarly journals Correlations of climate and plant ecology to leaf size and shape: potential proxies for the fossil record

2005 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 1141-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana L. Royer ◽  
Peter Wilf ◽  
David A. Janesko ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kowalski ◽  
David L. Dilcher
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Plant Ecology ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape
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