‘The Being That is in a Manner Equal With God’ (PHIL. 2:6C): A Self-Transforming, Incarnational, Divine Ontology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crispin Fletcher-Louis
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Homeric Hymns ◽  
The Status ◽  
Mode Of Being ◽  
Being And Becoming

Abstract This article challenges the consensus that τὸ εἶναι ἴσα θεῷ (Phil. 2:6c) means ‘equality with God’ and denotes a status. Linguistic analysis, contextual considerations, and a thorough investigation of an inventory of 149 extant Greek references to divine equality (ἴσος /ἴσα + θεός) show that Phil. 2:6c means ‘being (that is) in a manner equal with God’. Although it evokes well-known language for the status of rulers who received ‘honours equal to the gods’, it has a distinct, rarely attested, but Homeric syntax (cf. Iliad 5:441–2; 21:315), for which the closest parallel is Homeric Hymns 5, line 214. As such, it denotes a dynamic ontology, a mode of being expressed, or actualized, in Christ’s incarnational self-transformation (vv. 7–8). The words also serve a creative affirmation and subversion of the middle Platonic distinction between ‘being’ and ‘becoming’ (as that was expressed in Plutarch and Philo): Christ exists and acts from ‘being’ (ὑπάρχων … τὸ εἶναι v. 6) and is misperceived in the realm of ‘becoming’ (γενόμενος … γενόμενος vv. 7–8). But, against the Platonists, he has a divine ‘being’ that ‘becomes’.

Das Konzert der Maschinen

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Schmidgen
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Technology ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Transitional Space ◽  
Political Program ◽  
The Status ◽  
Mode Of Being

Gilbert Simondons Abhandlung Du mode d'existence des objets techniques (1958) operiert im Übergangsraum zwischen Heideggers Technikphilosophie und zeitgenössischer Kybernetik. Darüber hinaus skizziert Simondon ein explizit politisches Programm, das in der Forderung kulminiert, die technischen Objekte durch menschliche Repräsentanten in der Kultur der heutigen Gesellschaft besser zur Geltung zu bringen. Grundlage für dieses Programm ist seine Auffassung des technischen »Dings« als Medium. </br></br>Gilbert Simondon's essay (1958 [On the mode of being of technical objects]) operates in the transitional space between Heidegger's philosophy of technology and contemporary cybernetics. Furthermore, Simondon outlines an explicitly political program that culminates in the demand to emphasize the status of technical objects in the culture of contemporary society by way of human representatives. The basis for this program is his conception of the technical »thing« as a medium.

Obvious and Improbable in Kuhnian Normal Science

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-161
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Dorozhkin ◽  
Anna V. Sakharova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Thomas Kuhn ◽  
Normal Science ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
Language Of Science ◽  
Trading Zones ◽  
The Status

The article is devoted to the analysis of some specific characteristics of the language of normal science described by Thomas Kuhn. We would like to draw attention to two problems associated with some features of the concept of paradigms. The first problem relates to the question, how scientists belonging to one paradigm record the position of a group of scientists adhering to another paradigm. Precisely, the article examines how the problem of “synchronous fragmentation of knowledge” is solved in the language of science. The second issue concerns the age of “normal” knowledge and the question, how the anomalous content of knowledge can appear and accumulate, and what is the status of scientists developing the “anomalous” knowledge. We reveal some possible parameters by which we can determine the early stage of the functioning of normal science, the periods of its heyday and decline. In this article, we try to find an approach to these problems by examining the natural language of scientists, using techniques of content analysis, as well as complex linguistic analysis, including discursive, semantic and pragmatic components. Linguistic analysis can’t finally solve the problems of philosophical analysis of scientific knowledge, in particular, the state of the paradigm concept by Thomas Kuhn. But it helps us to identify the boundaries of paradigms, as well as the state of normal knowledge. The problem of fragmentation of knowledge by paradigms, as well as the problem of “aging” of knowledge inside a “normal science” are not directly expressed by scientists. But they can be recorded by analysis of everyday language, which often becomes entangled with the language of science. The high rate of words that semantically indicate the “obvious” knowledge in scientific texts points to a “good” state of the paradigm. And vice versa, the words denoting “improbable” indirectly indicate its crisis state or express an attitude to the knowledge belonging to a different paradigm. The analysis of the data shows that the alleged complete replacement of Kuhn's concept of a paradigm by the concept of “trading zones” by Peter Galison does not appear to be accomplished. Just as the concept of scientific paradigm did not completely replace the falsificationalism, the Galison’s “trading zones” do not fully reflect the real state of affairs in science. Therefore, the Kuhnian paradigms are recorded at the lexical level in the communication of scientists.

The status of variable rules in sociolinguistic theory1

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Romaine
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Philosophical Analysis ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Comprehensive Theory ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Universe

INTRODUCTION In a recent paper, Botha (1976) suggests that the analysis of linguistic argumentation is a ‘non-normal’ thing for linguists to do. ‘Normally’, he maintains, ‘linguists are oriented towards uncovering the nature of human language, and not the nature of linguistic science.’ Botha (1976: 3) even goes so far as to claim that the analysis of a form of argumentation is not a sort of linguistic analysis; it is instead a form of philosophical analysis. Some philosophers would probably disagree here with Botha and say that philosophical analysis is a sort of linguistic analysis. I am thinking here of Wittgenstein, for example, and the so-called philosophers of language who accept the view that the business of philosophy is to deal with the question of how words mean what they mean, etc., rather than to offer a comprehensive theory of the universe. It is difficult to draw a line of demarcation between a discipline proper and the study of the methodological underpinnings of that discipline, which I am not sure is essential anyway. My point is that a certain amount of self-criticism and awareness of the status of theoretical concepts and arguments can do linguists no harm.

On the Eve of Spinoza

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk van Miert
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Textual Criticism ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Biblical Scholarship ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
The Status ◽  
Historical Contextualization ◽  
Radical Ideas

Chapter 8 demonstrates how biblical scholarship became part of normal public discourse in the course of the 1650s and 1660s. Discussions on the Sabbath, on usury, on long hair, on vernacular translations, on chronology, on the Septuagint all conspired to normalize textual criticism, linguistic analysis, and historical contextualization as ways of approaching the Bible, in juxtaposition with theological and dogmatic readings. Meanwhile, such theological discussions raged particularly in the 1660s, with pamphlet wars over newly voiced radical ideas. Together, all such disputes made very fertile ground for Spinoza’s radical biblical scholarship, which took its lead from precisely the philology developed and was made popular by Scaliger, the translators of the States’ Translation, Gomarus, Heinsius, Grotius, Saumaise, La Peyrère, Isaac Vossius, and a host of other participants in what had become a highly charged public debate over the status of the biblical text.

scholarly journals Saving the “Undoomed Man” In Beowulf (572b-573)

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-31
Author(s):  
Salena Sampson Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Old Norse ◽  
Personal Agency ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe maximWyrd oft nereð // unfӕgne eorl, / þonne his ellen deah“Fate often spares an undoomed man when his courage avails” (Beowulf572b-573) has been likened to “Fortune favors the brave,” with little attention to the wordunfӕgne, which is often translated “undoomed”. This comparison between proverbs emphasizes personal agency and suggests a contrast between the proverb in 572b-573 and the maximGӕð a wyrd swa hio scel“Goes always fate as it must” (Beowulf455b), which depicts an inexorablewyrd. This paper presents the history of this view and argues that linguistic analysis and further attention to Germanic cognates of(un)fӕgereveal a proverb that harmonizes with 455b.(Un)fӕgeand its cognates have meanings related to being brave or cowardly, blessed or accursed,anddoomed or undoomed. A similar Old Norse proverb also speaks to the significance of the status ofunfӕgemen. Furthermore, the prenominal position ofunfӕgneis argued to represent a characterizing property of the man. The wordunfӕgneis essential to the meaning of this proverb as it indicates not the simple absence of being doomed but the presence of a more complex quality. This interpretive point is significant in that it provides more information about the portrayal ofwyrdinBeowulfby clarifying a well-known proverb in the text; it also has implications for future translations of these verses.

scholarly journals Alien Creativity of Russian Macaronic Poetry

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-91
Author(s):  
V. Z. Demyankov
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The Status ◽  
Russian Literary

Traditionally, the status of foreigners in Russia, especially of West-Europeans, is fairly high. My linguistic analysis of Russian literary sources of the 18 th to the 21 st centuries aims at eliciting presumptions (i. e. indirectly expressed opinions) and/or stereotypes of foreigners disclosed in occurrences of Russian lexical items such as ‘inostranets’ (“foreigner”). This procedure yields a list of typical culturally relevant “parameters of aliens” in Russian culture. Stereotypes of alien behaviour and alien appearance, for short, stereotypes of “Russian aliens” are specific for Russian culture and include a privileged social status and extraterritoriality. Foreigners are typically expected to be both intellectually superior in issues of civilization and utterly ignorant of virtually all Russian peculiarities of everyday life and of Russian customs. Russian macaronic verses combining Russian with West-European expressions used to be popular in Russia, but they are much less frequent nowadays, i. a. because of certain shifts which the concept of “alien” underwent in the last decades of Russian history. The humor of Russian macaronic poetry is based on a sort of travesty, when a person held to be a foreigner because of admixture of foreign expressions (and therefore automatically occupying a privileged position) proves to be a pretender. “Alien creativity” of Russian macaronic verses may be looked at as a by-product of cultural adaptation of Russian culture to Western civilization.

scholarly journals Conversational Maxims of Cooperation in Jordanian Newspapers Socio-Political Interviews

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Nawaf Obiedat
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Prime Ministers ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Conversational Implicatures ◽  
Political Perspective ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Face ◽  
Democratic Freedom

This paper investigates the status of Grice’s (1975) conversational maxims of cooperation in Jordanian socio-political newspapers interviews. It also discusses the fundamental norms and conventions that shape conduct in these kinds of interviews and recurrent practices through which journalists balance competing professional demands for both objective and an adversarial treatment of public figures in the present case two former Jordanian Prime Ministers (PMs). The paper also explores how, in the face of aggressive questioning, the PMs struggle to stay “on message”, so to speak, and pursue their own agenda. Through a pragma-linguistic analysis of these interviews, the study reveals that the reasons behind the MPs’ flouting of Grice’s conversational maxims, and, consequently, the ensuing conversational implicatures, are products of one of the following:1. Absolute loyalty2. Lack of democratic freedom of expression.The paper also reveals that Grice’s principle of conversation and its accompanying maxims have a crosscultural validity when tested against a language like Arabic. In fact, when we look at these conversational maxims from an Arab-Islamic moral and socio-political perspective (and whether the maxims are Grice’s or those of Arab-Islamic scholars) we find that they are, almost identical and constitute the corner stone of Arab society’s moral, socio-cultural, and religious values. Thus, it makes a lot of difference for both audience and readership if interviewed public figures ‘observe’ these conversational maxims. 

An agreement between the Sardians and the Mermnads in the Lydian language?

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilya Yakubovich
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
The Status

Abstract This paper addresses the interpretation of a Lydian text inscribed on a stele which was placed in the precinct of Artemis in the Anatolian town of Sardis at some point in the 5ᵗʰ-4ᵗʰ centuries BC. Its linguistic analysis is conducive to the conclusion that it defines the status of a privileged group called the mλimna- vis-à-vis the Sardians and mandates payments or transfer of property to the mλimna- group. The improved interpretation of the text allows me to revive the old hypothesis according to which the mλimna- is the Lydian designation of the Mermnad clan, whose representatives held sway in Sardis before the Achaemenid conquest.

Personhood

2019 ◽  
pp. 272-288
Author(s):  
John Frow
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Human Person ◽  
The Self ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Material World ◽  
Legal Personhood ◽  
Natural Person ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Mode Of Being

Legal personhood is distinct from and dependent on ordinary understandings of what it means to be a human person. Yet not every human being is a person (slaves are not, for example), and there are some non-human entities (such as corporations) which are. The legal category of the person is thus at once continuous and discontinuous with that of the natural person, designating a subject of rights and duties along a spectrum from full to very partial personhood. Moreover, the mode of being of natural persons is by no means self-evident, because the status of the “natural” person is itself constituted by a juridical demarcation of the boundaries of embodied human being and by distinct institutional and practical conditions of constitution, and natural persons are not necessarily coextensive with their bodies. While Western models of personhood are based on the coherence and continuity of the self as rational or ethical substance, quite different ways of understanding personhood are found in other cultures, where persons may be taken to be the sum of their social relations or of the exchange of substances between their bodies and the rest of the social and material world. Similarly, in most cultures persons are constituted by their relation to the generations of the dead from whom they inherit, to the gods, and to the unborn descendants to whom property and some of the components of kinship (a name, a status, a genetic inheritance) are to be passed on.

The Politics of Networked Individualism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Dotson
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Status ◽  
Mode Of Being ◽  
Network Technologies ◽  
Networked Individualism

This chapter outlines the politics of networked individualism as a social phenomenon, locating the lack of attention to these politics within the discourse surrounding networked individualism in the tendency to naturalize technological change. The theory of networked individualism frames individuals as liberated social entrepreneurs, free to assemble their own portfolios of ties, obscuring how that ability to network and satisfaction gained from it are unequally distributed. Within network discourses, moreover, network technologies are depicted as simply spreading through populations rather than as the result of contingent socio-political factors. The resulting discourse, perhaps inadvertently, is biased toward justifying reverse adapation: The process by which people’s expectations for social life are adapted to what current technologies offer, rather than altering technologies to align with citizens’ view of the good life. Such discourse, if widely accepted, threatens to conserve networked individualism as the status quo mode of being for the foreseeable future.

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