scholarly journals Seasonal and long-term consequences of esca on grapevine stem xylem integrity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Bortolami ◽  
E Farolfi ◽  
E Badel ◽  
R Burlett ◽  
H Cochard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Hydraulic Failure ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Subsequent Loss ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

Abstract Hydraulic failure has been extensively studied during drought-induced plant dieback, but its role in plant-pathogen interactions is under debate. During esca, a grapevine (Vitis vinifera) disease, symptomatic leaves are prone to irreversible hydraulic dysfunctions but little is known about the hydraulic integrity of perennial organs over the short- and long-term. We investigated the effects of esca on stem hydraulic integrity in naturally infected plants within a single season and across season(s). We coupled direct (ks) and indirect (kth) hydraulic conductivity measurements, and tylose and vascular pathogen detection with in vivo X-ray microtomography visualizations. We found xylem occlusions (tyloses), and subsequent loss of stem ks, in all of the shoots with severe symptoms (apoplexy) and in more than 60% of the shoots with moderate symptoms (tiger-stripe), and no tyloses in shoots that were currently asymptomatic. In vivo stem observations demonstrated that tyloses were observed only when leaf symptoms appeared, and resulted in more than 50% PLC in 40% of symptomatic stems, unrelated to symptom age. The impact of esca on xylem integrity was only seasonal and no long-term impact of disease history was recorded. Our study demonstrated how and to what extent a vascular disease such as esca, affecting xylem integrity, could amplify plant mortality by hydraulic failure.

scholarly journals Seasonal and long-term consequences of esca on grapevine stem xylem integrity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bortolami ◽  
E. Farolfi ◽  
E. Badel ◽  
R. Burlett ◽  
H. Cochard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Hydraulic Failure ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTHydraulic failure has been extensively studied during drought-induced plant dieback, but its role in plant-pathogen interactions is under debate. During esca, a grapevine (Vitis vinifera) disease, symptomatic leaves are prone to irreversible hydraulic dysfunctions but little is known about the hydraulic integrity of perennial organs over the short- and long-term. We investigated the effects of esca on stem hydraulic integrity in naturally infected plants within a single season and across season(s). We coupled in vivo X-ray microtomography visualizations with direct (ks) and indirect (kth) hydraulic conductivity measurements, and tylose and vascular pathogen detection. Although no loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) was observed in asymptomatic stems, 60% of symptomatic stems presented xylem occlusions with subsequent PLC, which could reach critical levels (over 50% PLC). A loss of stem ks was observed simultaneously, or after, the occurrence of leaf symptoms in the presence of tyloses. The impact of esca on xylem integrity was only seasonal and no long-term impact of disease history was recorded. Our study demonstrated how and to what extent a vascular disease such as esca, affecting xylem integrity, could amplify plant mortality by hydraulic failure.HighlightOur study reveals that esca can critically affect xylem water movement in grapevine perennial organs, by the presence of plant-derived tyloses.

Wet weather water quality modelling of a Portuguese urban catchment: difficulties and benefits

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. David ◽  
R.S. Matos
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Integrated Modelling ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Deterministic Modelling ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

This paper discusses the use of water quality deterministic modelling together with an integrated approach to assess the impact of urban stormwater discharges into ephemeral watercourses, based on the study of a Portuguese catchment. The description of the main aspects, difficulties and benefits found during data collection and model calibration and verification is presented, and the associated uncertainties and errors discussed. Experimental results showed a strong short- and long-term impact of sewer discharges on rivers, and confirmed deposition, resuspension and transport of pollutants as important processes for the water quality. However, the resuspension of riverbed sediment pollutants during storms was probably more significant than the direct impact of the urban discharges. The HydroWorks™ model was used since it allows for the calculation of pollutant build-up on catchment surfaces and in gully pots, their wash-off, and the deposition and erosion of sediments in sewers. However, it uses several constants, which could not be independently calibrated, increasing the uncertainty already associated with the data. River flows have quite different magnitude from the sewer system overflows, which, together with the difficulties in evaluating river flow rates, makes the integrated modelling approach rather complex and costly.

scholarly journals Decentering the discipline? Archaeology, museums and social media

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Walker
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Media ◽  
Media Studies ◽  
Impact Studies ◽  
Collaborative Archaeology ◽  
Shared Authority ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

In recent years archaeologists have asserted the value of social media for achieving goals such as ‘shared authority’ and the ‘empowerment’ of various communities. These assertions often resemble techno-utopian discourse. However, it is essential to critically consider these assertions with reference to the important studies emerging from the fields of new media studies and Indigenous and collaborative archaeology, which have particularly emphasised the need for a greater awareness of sociopolitical contexts. Informed by this literature, this paper surveys some of the emerging and established uses of social media by archaeologists and museums, and proceeds to introduce factors that challenge the broadly positive discourses about the impact of social media on various communities. It also highlights the need for short- and long-term impact studies.

Was it Worth it?

2020 ◽  
pp. 355-370
Author(s):  
Petar Finci
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Criminal Tribunal ◽  
International Criminal Justice ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Outreach Programme ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia’s (ICTY) Outreach Programme was a new effort in the field of international criminal justice, with little existing experience to build upon. Relying on fundraising for financing and operating in sometimes openly hostile political circumstances in the former Yugoslavia, the Outreach Programme nevertheless managed to engage its target groups over nearly two decades. This chapter starts with an analysis of the early activities of the Outreach Programme, with particular focus on evaluation (or the lack thereof) of the impact. It then offers a more detailed discussion of outreach projects implemented from 2010 onwards and some differences in evaluation of their short- and long-term impact. It concludes with some recommendations on possible ways to use the experiences beyond the closure of the ICTY.

Acquisitions and the shareholder base

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (10/11) ◽  
pp. 1416-1432
Author(s):  
Nicholas Wonder ◽  
Claire Lending
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Instrumental Variables Approach ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of acquisitions on the number of shareholders of the acquirer (the shareholder base) and relate that effect to the method of payment and the ratio between the target’s and acquirer’s shareholder bases prior to the acquisition. Design/methodology/approach Using 348 acquisitions from 1993 to 2013 for which both parties are public, American firms, the paper measures changes in the acquirer’s shareholder base from before announcement through to four years after completion. OLS regressions, together with an instrumental variables approach addressing the endogeneity of acquisition payment, indicate the determinants of those changes. Findings Acquisitions completed partly or entirely in stock lead to large increases in the shareholder base, and the increases mostly endure over the four-year window examined in the study. Regression results indicate that the target to acquirer shareholder ratio has a much greater impact on the acquirer’s base for stock acquisitions than for cash acquisitions. The ratio is also associated with changes in beta. Practical implications Because existing theoretical and empirical literature shows that the shareholder base impacts the risk, liquidity, and market value of stock, managers evaluating potential targets and modes of payment may wish to consider the likely impact on their firms’ shareholder bases, as may investors contemplating the effects of an acquisition announcement. Originality/value This is the first work documenting both a short- and long-term impact of acquisitions on the shareholder base and the first to investigate the determinants of the change in the base.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Study of the Impact of Focal Blue Light-Emitting Diode-Induced Phototoxicity in Adult Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9742
Author(s):  
Juan A. Miralles de Imperial-Ollero ◽  
Alejandro Gallego-Ortega ◽  
María Norte-Muñoz ◽  
Johnny Di Pierdomenico ◽  
José Manuel Bernal-Garro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Retinal Thickness ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Focal Lesion ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Impact

Background: In adult rats we study the short- and long-term effects of focal blue light-emitting diode (LED)-induced phototoxicity (LIP) on retinal thickness and Iba-1+ activation. Methods: The left eyes of previously dark-adapted Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were photoexposed to a blue LED (20 s, 200 lux). In vivo longitudinal monitoring of retinal thickness, fundus images, and optical retinal sections was performed from 1 to 30 days (d) after LIP with SD-OCT. Ex vivo, we analysed the population of S-cone and Iba-1+ cells within a predetermined fixed-size circular area (PCA) centred on the lesion. Results: LIP resulted in a circular focal lesion readily identifiable in vivo by fundus examination, which showed within the PCAs a progressive thinning of the outer retinal layer, and a diminution of the S-cone population to 19% by 30 d. In parallel to S-cone loss, activated Iba-1+ cells delineated the lesioned area and acquired an ameboid morphology with peak expression at 3 d after LIP. Iba-1+ cells adopted a more relaxed-branched morphology at 7 d and by 14–30 d their morphology was fully branched. Conclusion: LIP caused a progressive reduction of the outer retina with loss of S cones and a parallel dynamic activation of microglial cells in the lesioned area.

The Impact of Business Communication Education on Students’ Short- and Long-Term Performances

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jensen J. Zhao ◽  
Melody W. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Business Communication ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Communication Education ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Communication Course ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to identify the short- and long-term impact of business communication education on students’ skill developments and performance outcomes. Nearly 400 students at an AACSC International–accredited business college participated in the study during their sophomore and senior years. The findings indicate that the business communication course helped students develop good skills in writing reports, solving problems, working in teams, communicating orally, and using Internet technologies for both the short term (sophomore year) and the long term (senior year). More than 95% of the students reported achieving As and Bs on written assignments, company-analysis reports, problem-solving assignments, and oral presentations in their sophomore, junior, and senior years. However, the long-term effect was statistically less significant than was the short-term effect, although both were within the same positive range.

The Short- and Long-Term Impact of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Subjects with Sarcoidosis: A Prospective Study and Review of the Literature

Respiration ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Elad Guber ◽  
Ori Wand ◽  
Gali Epstein Shochet ◽  
Ayal Romem ◽  
David Shitrit
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Pulmonary Rehabilitation ◽  
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Sarcoidosis is a heterogeneous multisystemic disorder of unknown etiology. Dyspnea and fatigue are two of the most common and debilitating symptoms experienced by subjects with sarcoidosis. There is limited evidence regarding the short- and long-term impact of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) on exercise capacity and fatigue in these individuals. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To evaluate the benefit of PR in subjects with pulmonary sarcoidosis at different severity stages and to review the current literature about PR in sarcoidosis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> PR included a 12-week training program of a twice-weekly 90-min workouts. Fifty-two subjects with stable pulmonary sarcoidosis were recruited. Maximal exercise capacity, defined as VO<sub>2</sub>max, was measured using the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Pulmonary function tests, 6-min walking distance (6MWD), St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires were given before and after PR and following 6 months (follow-up). <b><i>Results:</i></b> The PR program significantly increased the VO<sub>2</sub>max (1.8 ± 2.3 mL/kg/min, <i>p</i> = 0.002), following 12 weeks. mMRC and SGRQ scores were also improved (−0.3 ± 0.8, <i>p</i> = 0.03, and −3.87 ± 10.4, <i>p</i> = 0.03, respectively). The impact of PR on VO<sub>2</sub>max was more pronounced in subjects with pulmonary parenchymal involvement. The increase in VO<sub>2</sub>max correlated with initial disease severity (indicated by FEV1/FVC, <i>p</i> = 0.01). Subjects with FEV1/FVC &#x3c;70% showed greater improvement in 6MWD. 6MWD also improved in those with a transfer coefficient of the lung for CO (KCO) above 80% predicted (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). At 6-month follow-up, the VO<sub>2</sub>max, 6MWD, and SGRQ scores remained stable, thus suggesting lasting effects of PR. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> PR is a promising complementary therapeutic intervention for subjects with sarcoidosis. Further study is needed to validate these findings.

The influence of inflation targeting on the pass-through effect of the exchange rate

2018 ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
Ph. S. Kartaev ◽  
Yu. I. Yakimova
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Inflation Targeting ◽  
Policy Regime ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Exchange Rate ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Impact

The paper studies the impact of the transition to the inflation targeting regime on the magnitude of the pass-through effect of the exchange rate to prices. We analyze cross-country panel data on developed and developing countries. It is shown that the transition to this regime of monetary policy contributes to a significant reduction in both the short- and long-term pass-through effects. This decline is stronger in developing countries. We identify the main channels that ensure the influence of the monetary policy regime on the pass-through effect, and examine their performance. In addition, we analyze the data of time series for Russia. It was concluded that even there the transition to inflation targeting led to a decrease in the dependence of the level of inflation on fluctuations in the ruble exchange rate.

A Perspective On The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Basic Science Research and its Future implications

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yam Nath Paudel ◽  
Efthalia Angelopoulou ◽  
Bhupendra Raj Giri ◽  
Christina Piperi ◽  
Iekhsan Othman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Science ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Basic Science Research ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

: COVID-19 has emerged as a devastating pandemic of the century that the current generations have ever experienced. The COVID-19 pandemic has infected more than 12 million people around the globe and 0.5 million people have succumbed to death. Due to the lack of effective vaccines against the COVID-19, several nations throughout the globe has imposed a lock-down as a preventive measure to lower the spread of COVID-19 infection. As a result of lock-down most of the universities and research institutes has witnessed a long pause in basic science research ever. Much has been talked about the long-term impact of COVID-19 in economy, tourism, public health, small and large-scale business of several kind. However, the long-term implication of these research lab shutdown and its impact in the basic science research has not been much focused. Herein, we provide a perspective that portrays a common problem of all the basic science researchers throughout the globe and its long-term consequences.

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