s.Four New Challenges, 18 Human Subjects in Globalized Health Research

The clinical trials enterprise has expanded globally, involving research developed and owned by research institutions in wealthy countries but conducted with participants in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These LMICs commonly provide ready access to large pools of subjects who have never received a particular drug and have—at least historically—a more permissive regulatory environment, raising important questions about the rights of vulnerable participants. The unequal power dynamic and imbalances between researchers and human subjects require specific norms and procedures to respect and protect the human rights of trial participants. Complementing bioethics norms, human rights law offers a lens for understanding participant and public health interests, recognizing the unequal dynamic between the researcher and the individual subject, and furthering the participants’ autonomy and decision-making power. Framing these issues in human rights obligations additionally offers new forms of governance and accountability mechanisms, raising new opportunities for legally enforceable claims.

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Complementary Protection and Encampment

Human Rights Law Review ◽

10.1093/hrlr/ngaa046 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bríd Ní Ghráinne

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Human Rights Law ◽

Humanitarian Relief ◽

International Human Rights ◽

Treaty Monitoring ◽

International Human ◽

The Individual

Abstract A camp may be described as a temporary space in which individuals receive humanitarian relief and protection until a durable solution can be found to their situation. The camp environment is often riddled with contradictions—the camp can be a place of refuge while at the same time, a place of overcrowding, exclusion and suffering. This article asks to what extent removal of an individual from state A to state B, where he or she will have to live in a camp, is a breach of state A’s human rights law obligations. It argues that even if encampment in state B will expose the individual to terrible conditions, it is unlikely that they will be able to successfully challenge a removal decision before international human rights courts and/or treaty monitoring bodies.

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Knowledge Sharing for Healthcare and Medicine in Developing Countries

Health Care Delivery and Clinical Science ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-3926-1.ch064 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 1276-1293

Author(s):

Kgomotso H. Moahi ◽

Kelvin J. Bwalya

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Knowledge Management ◽

Knowledge Sharing ◽

Healthcare Systems ◽

Healthcare Organizations ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Cross Pollination ◽

The Individual ◽

Sharing Behavior

Knowledge sharing has always been used as a platform for cross-pollination of ideas and innovations in a bid to improve and enhance performance thereby increasing competitiveness and responsiveness both in organizations and individual levels. Healthcare systems are not an exception. However, for knowledge sharing to take place there is need for certain factors to be noted and addressed such as the individual, organizational and technological. Further, knowledge sharing goes hand in hand with knowledge management and must become part of the strategic fabric of organizations. This chapter focuses on knowledge sharing by health professionals in healthcare and medicine in developing countries. The chapter covers knowledge management and its link with knowledge sharing; the various methods of knowledge sharing in healthcare; factors that make knowledge sharing an important strategic move for healthcare organizations; and factors and issues that affect or determine knowledge sharing behavior. Finally, a literature search for examples of knowledge sharing in developing or low and middle-income countries was conducted and the results are presented. The chapter shows that developing countries have recognized the value of knowledge sharing in healthcare systems and there are tangible signs that this is going to shape cross-pollination of ideas and innovations in the health systems in the foreseeable future.

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Knowledge Sharing for Healthcare and Medicine in Developing Countries

Health Information Systems and the Advancement of Medical Practice in Developing Countries - Advances in Human Services and Public Health ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-2262-1.ch004 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 60-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kgomotso Hildegard Moahi ◽

Kelvin J. Bwalya

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Knowledge Management ◽

Knowledge Sharing ◽

Healthcare Systems ◽

Healthcare Organizations ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Cross Pollination ◽

The Individual ◽

Sharing Behavior

Knowledge sharing has always been used as a platform for cross-pollination of ideas and innovations in a bid to improve and enhance performance thereby increasing competitiveness and responsiveness both in organizations and individual levels. Healthcare systems are not an exception. However, for knowledge sharing to take place there is need for certain factors to be noted and addressed such as the individual, organizational and technological. Further, knowledge sharing goes hand in hand with knowledge management and must become part of the strategic fabric of organizations. This chapter focuses on knowledge sharing by health professionals in healthcare and medicine in developing countries. The chapter covers knowledge management and its link with knowledge sharing; the various methods of knowledge sharing in healthcare; factors that make knowledge sharing an important strategic move for healthcare organizations; and factors and issues that affect or determine knowledge sharing behavior. Finally, a literature search for examples of knowledge sharing in developing or low and middle-income countries was conducted and the results are presented. The chapter shows that developing countries have recognized the value of knowledge sharing in healthcare systems and there are tangible signs that this is going to shape cross-pollination of ideas and innovations in the health systems in the foreseeable future.

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Perceived Trust and Confidence for Cryptocurrency Adoption

10.4018/978-1-7998-9035-5.ch014 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 250-279

Author(s):

Ewilly Jie Ying Liew ◽

Wei Li Peh ◽

Zhuan Kee Leong

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Social Impact ◽

Public Perceptions ◽

Middle Income ◽

Individual Level ◽

Perceived Trust ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Regulatory Bodies ◽

The Individual ◽

National Databases

This chapter seeks to examine the influence of public perceptions of trust in people and confidence in institutions on cryptocurrency adoption, taking into account the individual-level demographic factors and the regional-level contextual factors. Data is obtained from three large-scale international surveys and national databases and analyzed using R software. The multivariate results demonstrate that individuals' public perceptions of trust and confidence significantly contribute to cryptocurrency adoption. Lower perceived trust in people and higher perceived confidence in civil service and international regulatory bodies increase cryptocurrency adoption, while perceived confidence in political and financial institutions discourages cryptocurrency adoption. Additionally, the univariate results find significant comparisons of gender and perceived trust differences on the predictors of cryptocurrency adoption. This chapter discusses and provides insights on the social impact and future of cryptocurrency adoption, particularly among the upper- and lower-middle-income countries.

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Speaking (of) Faces

Geographies of Embodiment in Early Modern England ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198852742.003.0009 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 197-223

Author(s):

Elizabeth D. Harvey

Keyword(s):

Facial Expression ◽

Speech Acts ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Social Geography ◽

Individual Subject ◽

Modern Psychology ◽

Measure For Measure ◽

The Face ◽

Human Desire ◽

The Individual

Measure for Measure is a play that reveals how bodily and affective language is entangled with anatomical understandings of muscles, gesture, and early modern psychology. The face was the primary map for the passions and the mobility of shifting affects, as well as the body’s primary social façade; its complex ability to register or to contain emotion is embedded in the languages of intersubjective interaction, a social geography of communication. This chapter explores how passionate expression is registered as somatic speech acts through readings of facial expression and in moments of disguise (veiling, muffling, substitution). The play stages how human desire flows between and among people, how it solicits and resists legal and political regulation, and how it operates invisibly both as a felt force for the individual subject and as an uncontainable force moving between human subjects.

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A NEW PROCEDURE FOR TESTING THE EXPORT-LED GROWTH HYPOTHESIS: A RESEARCH NOTE

Global Economy Journal ◽

10.1142/s2194565919500167 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (03) ◽

pp. 1950016

Author(s):

FUMITAKA FURUOKA

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Low Income ◽

Statistical Procedure ◽

Research Note ◽

Complex Nature ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Causality Tests ◽

The Individual ◽

Growth Hypothesis

This study proposes a novel statistical procedure to test the export-led growth hypothesis. The procedure integrates a Fisher-type causality method in the statistical analysis. In order to demonstrate the application of this procedure, this study examined the exports–growth nexus in low-income and lower middle-income countries in Africa. The findings obtained from the newly-proposed integrated statistical procedure were more conclusive compared to the results obtained from the individual causality tests; the findings also highlighted a complex nature of the exports–growth nexus in Africa.

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Next steps for meeting the needs of people with severe mental illness in low- and middle-income countries

Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences ◽

10.1017/s2045796016001013 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 348-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

C. Hanlon

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Health Care ◽

Mental Illness ◽

Human Rights ◽

Mental Health Care ◽

Severe Mental Illness ◽

Mental Health Professionals ◽

Task Sharing ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries

The explicit inclusion of mental health within the Sustainable Development Goals is a welcome development, borne out of powerful advocacy using public health, economic and human rights arguments. As funding comes on line for scale-up of evidence-based mental health care by task-sharing with primary care, it is time to take stock about care for people affected by severe mental illness (SMI). The existing evidence base for task shared care for SMI provides an imperative to get started, but is skewed towards relatively more affluent and urban populations in middle-income countries where specialist mental health professionals provide most of the care. Randomised, controlled trials and rigorous implementation research on task shared service models are underway which will go some way to improving understanding of the quality, safety, effectiveness and acceptability of more widely generalisable care for people with SMI. A sub-group of people with SMI have more complex and long-term needs for care, with a high risk of homelessness, imprisonment and human rights violations as family and social supports become overwhelmed. Case studies from non-governmental organisations provide examples of holistic approaches to rehabilitation, recovery and empowerment of people with SMI, but rigorous comparative studies are needed to identify the most efficient, effective and scalable approaches to care. Health system constraints are emerging as the over-riding barriers to successful task-sharing, highlighting a need to develop and evaluate chronic care models for people with SMI that succeed in reducing premature mortality, improving wellbeing and achieving better social outcomes. Addressing these evidence gaps is essential if task-sharing mental health care is going to deliver on its promise of promoting recovery for the full range of people affected by SMI.

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The prevalence and correlates of the double burden of malnutrition among women in Ghana

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0244362 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. e0244362

Author(s):

Sandra Boatemaa Kushitor ◽

Lily Owusu ◽

Mawuli Kobla Kushitor

Keyword(s):

Normal Weight ◽

Chi Square ◽

Double Burden ◽

Middle Income ◽

Individual Level ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Double Burden Of Malnutrition ◽

The Individual

Anaemia and underweight or overweight/obesity are major public health problems driving maternal and child mortality in low- and middle-income countries. While the burden of these conditions is recognised, the evidence for the co-occurrence of these conditions is fragmented and mixed, especially at the individual level. Further, many studies have focused on families and communities. The different pathways for the occurrence of anaemia and BMI challenges indicate that an individual can potentially live with both conditions and suffer the complications. This study examined the prevalence and factors associated with the co-occurrence of anaemia and BMI challenges among a cohort of women in Ghana. Data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey were used. The sample size was 4 337 women aged 15–49 years who were not pregnant during the survey. Women who suffered simultaneously from underweight or overweight/obesity and anaemia were considered as having the double burden of malnutrition. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and logistic regression in STATA. One-fifth of the participants were overweight (21%), 4% were underweight and about one-tenth were obese (12%). The prevalence of anaemia was 41%. Only one in three women had normal weight and was not anaemic (34%). About 14% of the women experienced the double burden of malnutrition. Being overweight and anaemic (57%) was the most common form of this double burden. Age, marital status, parity, and wealth were t key risk factors associated with the double burden of malnutrition. The findings from this study show that women experience multiple nutritional challenges concurrently and that only a few women had healthy nutritional status. This information is particularly important and can be introduced into health education programmes to help address misconceptions about body weight and health.

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Nurse staffing and patient care outcomes: protocol for an umbrella review to identify evidence gaps for low and middle-income countries

Wellcome Open Research ◽

10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17430.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 363

Author(s):

Abdulazeez Imam ◽

Sopuruchukwu Obiesie ◽

Jalemba Aluvaala ◽

Michuki Maina ◽

David Gathara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Reviews ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Nurse Staffing ◽

Published Data ◽

Umbrella Review ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Registration Number ◽

The Individual ◽

Low And Middle Income

Background: Adequate staffing is key to the delivery of nursing care and thus to improved inpatient and health service outcomes. Several systematic reviews have addressed the relationship between nurse staffing and these outcomes. Most primary studies within each systematic review are likely to be from high-income countries which have different practice contexts to low and middle-income countries (LMICs), although this has not been formally examined. We propose conducting an umbrella review to characterise the existing evidence linking nurse staffing to key outcomes and explicitly aim to identify evidence gaps in nurse staffing research in LMICs. Methods and analysis: This protocol was developed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). Literature searching will be conducted across Ovid Medline, Embase and EBSCO Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases. Two independent reviewers will conduct searching and data abstraction and discordance will be handled by discussion between both parties. The risk of bias of the individual studies will be performed using the AMSTAR-2. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical permission is not required for this review as we will make use of already published data. We aim to publish the findings of our review in peer-reviewed journals. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021286908

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