scholarly journals 23 Science and the International Regulation of Marine Pollution

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Elizabeth A
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Different Sources

This chapter considers the approaches taken by international regimes to address marine pollution. It identifies similarities and differences in approaches across time and different sources of pollution, the degree to which they follow an adaptive management approach, and the role of science in decision-making. It begins with an overview of the historical development of the law. It then discusses the current regime, covering general obligations and certain source-specific obligations. The final section contains conclusions and a discussion of current and future issues.

scholarly journals Rational and irrational processes in decision making: An economic perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Maria Liana Lacatus
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Economic Understanding

The paper presents important issues of decision making processes with an emphasis on rational and irrational components of these processes. After a short introduction outlining the need for a deeper understanding of rational and non-rational factors that affect the decisions people make, the rationality of people decisions in daily life is questioned and the role of non-rational factors such as intuition are analyzed. The economic understanding of the decision making process is presented and principles of rational decision-making are explained. Different methods used and recommended by economists in order to make decisions are presented and applied in different life situations in order to demonstrate their value in daily life. Special emphasis is put on factors such as imperfect information, illusion of control, or risk aversion that may affect the rationality of the decision making processes. In the final section of the paper the concept of bounded rationality is introduced and explained along with new theories in economics that are challenging the classic economic perspective on the decision making process

Part V Subject Matter, Ch.31 The Protection of the Marine Environment Pollution and Fisheries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabra Adriana
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
The Core ◽  
Sources Of Pollution

This chapter begins by looking at the role of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) as the framework legal instrument on the oceans. Indeed, the UNCLOS is one of the most significant international law instruments of all time and is at the core of today's governance of the oceans. UNCLOS is a product of the time when it was negotiated, which brought together a desire to provide global stability to competing jurisdictional claims over the oceans and devise solutions to rapidly increasing rates of marine pollution. However, technological changes and increased or unforeseen sources of pollution and habitat destruction have exposed some of the Convention's limitations, which derive from a fragmented perspective of the marine environment, and a failure to address the interaction between different ocean uses and marine stressors and provide rules on the conservation of marine biological diversity. The chapter then evaluates global and regional treaty requirements, soft law instruments, and case law concerning the protection of the marine environment from various sources of pollution, and the conservation of marine living resources, with a focus on fisheries, and the protection of marine biodiversity.

Maximising Marketing Effectiveness

1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Wills ◽  
Sherril H. Kennedy ◽  
John Cheese ◽  
Angela Rushton
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Managerial Decision Making ◽  
Marketing Effectiveness ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Marketing Intelligence

To achieve a full understanding of the role of marketing from plan to profit requires a knowledge of the basic building blocks. This textbook introduces the key concepts in the art or science of marketing to practising managers. Understanding your customers and consumers, the 4 Ps (Product, Place, Price and Promotion) provides the basic tools for effective marketing. Deploying your resources and informing your managerial decision making is dealt with in Unit VII introducing marketing intelligence, competition, budgeting and organisational issues. The logical conclusion of this effort is achieving sales and the particular techniques involved are explored in the final section.

Do sources of occupational community impact corporate internal control? The case of CFOs in the high-tech industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junli Yu ◽  
Shelagh M.R. Campbell ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Zhou Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Upper Echelons ◽  
High Tech Industry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Group Memberships ◽  
Different Sources

Purpose The Chief Financial Officer (CFO), despite being a critical organization member responsible for ensuring quality of financial reporting, audit and compliance, is under-researched. Grouped as a member of top management teams (TMS) in studies, factors influencing decision making in this group rely on static measures of characteristics without regard for dynamic and longitudinal influences of career trajectories and industry occupational group memberships. The relationship between the high-tech industry as a site of notable reported internal control (IC) weakness and influences on CFOs requires closer examination. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The study draws together the upper echelons theory and occupational communities (OCs) to explore the impact of shared values and behavioral norms from different sources on executive decision making. Internal and external sources of OC are proposed and their influence on activities with respect to corporate IC is tested. The sample of 1,573 firm/year observations includes high-tech firms listed on major US exchanges was developed using data from five distinct databases. Executives’ biographic information was manually collected. Findings Results indicate that senior financial executives belong not only to their firm and its culture but also to OCs that extend beyond the firm. Membership in professional credential granting occupational groups has less impact on effective IC than experience in the high-tech industry. In combination, multiple OCs show evidence of compound and counteracting effects on IC. The OC that arises in the high-tech industry makes a measurable positive difference in the quality of IC in sample firms, in contrast with the OC among credentialed accounting and financial professionals. Research limitations/implications This quantitative study of OC reveals the differential impact of different sources of OC and contributes to the literature on TMS a new framework for examining decision making. OC is typically studied through qualitative methods and, thus, potential exists to further explore the specific nature and dynamics of the OCs identified in this study. Practical implications The study highlights the role of broad affiliations and networks among senior financial executives which may have bearing on their ability to effectively manage IC. The role of these networks may also partially explain instances of CFO failure and thus dismissal. Knowledge of the role of OC may help boards of directors in the selection and promotion of senior financial officers of the firm. Originality/value The paper offers a different perspective on professional accounting expertise in one specific industry where incidence of IC weakness is high relative to other industries. Study results expand recent research on TMS to include sociological impacts of cohort groups. Despite generally weaker IC in the high-tech sector, this study demonstrates the value of exploring group membership within the industry as an important predictor of behavior. The result is a new perspective to CFO decision making which illustrates the relevance of OCs among upper echelons. The implications of findings for CFO recruitment and promotion are borne out in recent instances of senior financial executive failure in the sector.

Administrative Review: Beyond the Frontier Marked “Policy—Lawyers Keep Out”

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Administrative Review ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Potential Damage

By a review of a series of comparable decisions in the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) some of the problems that may arise as the jurisdiction and role of the AAT continues to expand in the review on the merits of Commonwealth administrative decisions are identified. The problems include first, the apparent difficulty for democratic theory of unelected tribunal members (including persons who are also judges) reviewing policy determined by elected Ministers; secondly, the creation of a dichotomy between decisions made by the AAT and decisions of public servants faithfully and more consistently applying Ministerial policy; thirdly, the limitation upon the membership and procedures of the AAT which restrict any truly effective wide-ranging review of government policy; and, fourthly, the potential damage to community confidence in the judiciary, by the involvement of judges in the frank determination of controversial matters of public policy. The role of policy-making in the courts is acknowledged and similarities and differences in the function of the courts and the AAT in the review of policy issues are indicated. It is concluded that the AAT will require all arms of government in Australia to face more precisely the role of policy in adjudicative decision-making.

A Forty-Year Search for a Single-Negotiating Text: Rio+20 as a Post-Agreement Negotiation

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Final Section ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Negotiated Agreements ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Development Regime ◽  
Development Goals

AbstractThis article elaborates on the place of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD, also known as Rio+20) in a forty-year trajectory of international sustainable development negotiations, particularly through the processes placed in motion during the 1992 Rio Earth Summit event. The negotiation of the final UNCSD document also can be evaluated in its own right, and the article examines this process in the second section, keeping in mind the negotiating system in which the talks took place. The final section focuses on the process as a post-agreement negotiation and considers the role of the twenty-year milestone negotiations in shaping the sustainable development regime. The article explores in particular the role that consensus negotiated agreements have played as the regime’s decision-making procedure, and how this procedure has faltered as the complexity – including the number of issues, actors and obligations incorporated into the regime – has increased. Two elements from the Rio+20 outcome – a “take-it-or-change-it” facilitation approach of the Brazilian hosts and the adoption of a process to create “sustainable development goals” as a different means to focus international expectations – are presented as new directions for decision making in the regime’s next rounds of regime governance and regime adjustment negotiations.

scholarly journals Identifying human trafficking in Norway: A register-based study of cases, outcomes and police practices

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 522-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi F. Bjelland
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Registry Data ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Police Practices ◽  
Different Sources

This article examines the identification of human trafficking crimes in Norway. By combining two different sources of police registry data that contain the total set of human trafficking cases reported to the Norwegian police between 2003 and 2013, the study examines the role of the police in the creation of human trafficking complaints, the characteristics of the complaints and their outcomes. Findings suggest that, despite a growing number of reported human trafficking complaints, the police seem to play a decreasing part in the identification of human trafficking crimes. The potential under-representation of police initiatives and its consequences for case outcomes is discussed in light of a theory of discretionary decision-making among police officials.

A green human resource management approach of participation in decision-making and behavioural outcomes – a moderated mediated model

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saraf Pavan Kumar ◽  
Shilpi Saha ◽  
Amitabh Anand
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Continuance Commitment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Participation In Decision Making ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This study aims to assess the moderating and mediating role of supportive culture (SC) in the relationship between participation in decision-making (PDM) and job satisfaction (JS) and the dimensions of commitment, such as affective commitment (AC), normative commitment (NC) and continuance commitment (CC). Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 712 employees working in different public sector undertakings (PSUs) across India. Necessary condition analysis and partial least square analysis were used to test the proposed hypotheses. Findings The findings of the present study indicated that SC is partially mediating the relationship between PDM and JS; PDM and AC. However, SC did not mediate the relationship between PDM and NC; PDM and CC. PDM was positively and significantly related to SC, JS, AC, NC and CC. JS had a significant impact on AC, NC and CC. It is highly desirable for organizations to retain their employees ranging from line managers to top management levels and provide opportunities for everyone to actively use their experience and expertise. Originality/value The findings have implications for managers, as well as employees in PSUs, as they demonstrate how several work-related factors can be emphasized to maintain employees' commitment and motivation. Until now, India has paid scant attention to the role of SC as a mediator and moderator between PDM, JS and multiple commitments. This study cautiously collected responses from unbiased employees working in a variety of organizational functional units.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The Role of Shared Decision-Making in Audiologic Rehabilitation

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Pryce ◽  
Amanda Hall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Audiologic Rehabilitation

Shared decision-making (SDM), a component of patient-centered care, is the process in which the clinician and patient both participate in decision-making about treatment; information is shared between the parties and both agree with the decision. Shared decision-making is appropriate for health care conditions in which there is more than one evidence-based treatment or management option that have different benefits and risks. The patient's involvement ensures that the decisions regarding treatment are sensitive to the patient's values and preferences. Audiologic rehabilitation requires substantial behavior changes on the part of patients and includes benefits to their communication as well as compromises and potential risks. This article identifies the importance of shared decision-making in audiologic rehabilitation and the changes required to implement it effectively.

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