scholarly journals Identifying human trafficking in Norway: A register-based study of cases, outcomes and police practices

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 522-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi F. Bjelland
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Registry Data ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Police Practices ◽  
Different Sources

This article examines the identification of human trafficking crimes in Norway. By combining two different sources of police registry data that contain the total set of human trafficking cases reported to the Norwegian police between 2003 and 2013, the study examines the role of the police in the creation of human trafficking complaints, the characteristics of the complaints and their outcomes. Findings suggest that, despite a growing number of reported human trafficking complaints, the police seem to play a decreasing part in the identification of human trafficking crimes. The potential under-representation of police initiatives and its consequences for case outcomes is discussed in light of a theory of discretionary decision-making among police officials.

scholarly journals 23 Science and the International Regulation of Marine Pollution

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Elizabeth A
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Different Sources

This chapter considers the approaches taken by international regimes to address marine pollution. It identifies similarities and differences in approaches across time and different sources of pollution, the degree to which they follow an adaptive management approach, and the role of science in decision-making. It begins with an overview of the historical development of the law. It then discusses the current regime, covering general obligations and certain source-specific obligations. The final section contains conclusions and a discussion of current and future issues.

scholarly journals Retrosplenial cortex is necessary for spatial and non-spatial latent learning in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Bottura de Barros ◽  
Liad J Baruchin ◽  
Marios C Panayi ◽  
Nils Nyberg ◽  
Veronika Samborska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Latent Learning ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Spatial Decision Making ◽  
The Creation

Latent learning occurs when associations are formed between stimuli in the absence of explicit reinforcement. Traditionally, latent learning in rodents has been associated with the creation internal models of space. However, increasing evidence points to roles of internal models also in non-spatial decision making. Whether the same brain structures and processes support the creation of spatially-anchored or non-spatial internal models via latent learning, is an open question. To address this question, we developed a novel operant box task that allows to test spatial and non-spatial versions of a flavour-based sensory preconditioning paradigm. We probed the role of the retrosplenial cortex, a brain area associated with spatial cognition and subjective value representation, in this task using precise, closed-loop optogenetic silencing during different task phases. We show that the retrosplenial cortex is necessary for both spatial and non-spatial latent learning in mice. We further demonstrate that the requirement of retrosplenial cortex is limited to the preconditioning phase of the task. Our results provide insight into the specific role of the retrosplenial cortex in latent learning, demonstrate that latent learning plays a general part in the creation of internal models, independent of spatial anchors, and provide a novel avenue for studying model-based decision making.

Why Business Unit Controllers Create Budget Slack: Involvement in Management, Social Pressure, and Machiavellianism

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank G. H. Hartmann ◽  
Victor S. Maas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Business Unit ◽  
Budgetary Slack ◽  
Management Accountants ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Personality Construct

ABSTRACT: This paper investigates business unit (BU) controllers’ inclination to engage in the creation of budgetary slack. In particular, we explore whether controllers who are involved in BU decision making are more susceptible to social pressure to engage in slack creation than controllers who are not. We expect, and find, a crucial role of the controller’s personality. Results from an experiment among 136 management accountants suggest that the personality construct Machiavellianism interacts with involvement to explain controllers’ responses to social pressure to create budgetary slack. Controllers scoring high on Machiavellianism are more likely to give in to pressure by BU management to create budgetary slack when they have been involved in decision making. In contrast, controllers scoring low on Machiavellianism are less likely to give in to pressure to create slack when they have been involved in decision making.

Do sources of occupational community impact corporate internal control? The case of CFOs in the high-tech industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junli Yu ◽  
Shelagh M.R. Campbell ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Zhou Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Upper Echelons ◽  
High Tech Industry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Group Memberships ◽  
Different Sources

Purpose The Chief Financial Officer (CFO), despite being a critical organization member responsible for ensuring quality of financial reporting, audit and compliance, is under-researched. Grouped as a member of top management teams (TMS) in studies, factors influencing decision making in this group rely on static measures of characteristics without regard for dynamic and longitudinal influences of career trajectories and industry occupational group memberships. The relationship between the high-tech industry as a site of notable reported internal control (IC) weakness and influences on CFOs requires closer examination. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The study draws together the upper echelons theory and occupational communities (OCs) to explore the impact of shared values and behavioral norms from different sources on executive decision making. Internal and external sources of OC are proposed and their influence on activities with respect to corporate IC is tested. The sample of 1,573 firm/year observations includes high-tech firms listed on major US exchanges was developed using data from five distinct databases. Executives’ biographic information was manually collected. Findings Results indicate that senior financial executives belong not only to their firm and its culture but also to OCs that extend beyond the firm. Membership in professional credential granting occupational groups has less impact on effective IC than experience in the high-tech industry. In combination, multiple OCs show evidence of compound and counteracting effects on IC. The OC that arises in the high-tech industry makes a measurable positive difference in the quality of IC in sample firms, in contrast with the OC among credentialed accounting and financial professionals. Research limitations/implications This quantitative study of OC reveals the differential impact of different sources of OC and contributes to the literature on TMS a new framework for examining decision making. OC is typically studied through qualitative methods and, thus, potential exists to further explore the specific nature and dynamics of the OCs identified in this study. Practical implications The study highlights the role of broad affiliations and networks among senior financial executives which may have bearing on their ability to effectively manage IC. The role of these networks may also partially explain instances of CFO failure and thus dismissal. Knowledge of the role of OC may help boards of directors in the selection and promotion of senior financial officers of the firm. Originality/value The paper offers a different perspective on professional accounting expertise in one specific industry where incidence of IC weakness is high relative to other industries. Study results expand recent research on TMS to include sociological impacts of cohort groups. Despite generally weaker IC in the high-tech sector, this study demonstrates the value of exploring group membership within the industry as an important predictor of behavior. The result is a new perspective to CFO decision making which illustrates the relevance of OCs among upper echelons. The implications of findings for CFO recruitment and promotion are borne out in recent instances of senior financial executive failure in the sector.

scholarly journals Words Faithful to the Phenomenon

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 160940691879779
Author(s):  
Luigina Mortari ◽  
Roberta Silva
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Discursive Practice ◽  
Team Members ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Do So

The article presents the developing of a tool aimed to analyze the decision-making (DM) processes in critical care contexts. It was developed in a study conducted through a phenomenological approach. By analyzing the discursive practice through which physicians in an intensive care unit (ICU) arrive at decisions, we construct a discursive profile of each ICU involved, to improve the ICU team members’ knowledge of the complexity of their DM processes. To do so, we develop a system of analysis capable of capturing discursive actions faithfully. Our method facilitates a system of analysis that highlights the role of the various discursive acts in conversational flow, starting from the needs in an ICU setting, which are spontaneously recognized from the data, to the almost simultaneous processes of description and understanding. This has led to the creation of a tool follows the phenomenological-grounded route.

The Role of Affect in the Creation and Intentional Pursuit of Entrepreneurial Ideas

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Hayton ◽  
Magdalena Cholakova
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Dual Processes ◽  
The Core ◽  
Affect And Cognition ◽  
Attention Memory ◽  
The Creation

The creation and intentional pursuit of entrepreneurial ideas lies at the core of the domain of entrepreneurship. Recent empirical work in a number of diverse fields such as cognitive psychology, social cognition, neuroscience, and neurophysiology all suggest that dual processes involving affect and cognition have a significant impact on judgment and decision making. Existing cognitive models ignore this significant role. In this article we develop a framework for understanding the role of affect on idea perception and the intention to develop the entrepreneurial idea. We present a set of testable propositions that link affect to entrepreneurial idea perception through its influence on attention, memory, and creativity. A second set of propositions links affect to the intention to pursue these ideas further. We explore the boundary conditions and moderators of the proposed relationships, and discuss the implications of this framework for existing cognitive and psychological perspectives on entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals The challenges of leader's role of the teacher

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branka Pavlovic
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
School Climate ◽  
School Principals ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
School Life ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Participation In Decision Making ◽  
Contemporary Education

This paper deals with the leader's role of the teacher in school, as one of central persons in educational process, and the creation of a climate stimulative for learning. Besides defining the leader's role of the teacher, which is here treated as an aspect of participation in decision-making and responsibility, different manifestations of that role in school are discussed, as well as its importance for contemporary education and possibilities and challenges of encouraging the development of teachers-leaders. The results of several studies that present the leader's role of the teacher from the point of view of different participants in school life are displayed. It is concluded that leadership of teachers in school is desirable and that it should be encouraged, since it contributes to democratisation of school climate, stimulates pupils' achievements, motivates other teachers, as well as that it is necessary to analyze numerous obstacles to leadership of teachers. Among the most important obstacles are those stemming from institutional inertia, the fear of taking risks and resistance of school principals to developing the leadership of teachers.

The Role of Beethoven's ‘la gaiete’ Movement in the Creation of his Quartet Op. 127

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-55
Author(s):  
Barry Cooper
Keyword(s):  
String Quartet ◽  
Slow Movement ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Final Version ◽  
Indirect Influence ◽  
One Stage ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Different Sources

Several writers, beginning with Gustav Nottebohm, have made mention of a movement entitled ‘la gaiete’ that was at one stage intended for Beethoven's String Quartet in E-flat, Op. 127, but none of them have previously given a full account of this movement. It appears in several sketch sources, notably Artaria 206 (currently in Kraków), and although it was not incorporated into the final version of the quartet, it played an important role in shaping the slow movement of the work. It also had an indirect influence on the coda of the finale. Its precise function in the creation of the quartet becomes much clearer through a detailed study of Beethoven's sketches, which are scattered in many different sources and appear in four formats that run concurrently, making assessment of them difficult. Examining the sketches for the movement also throws light on the chronological relationship between the various sketch sources. Contrary to some accounts, the movement appears never to have been part of a planned six-movement scheme for the work – a scheme that was extremely fleeting and only one of many possibilities for the work's structure.

Organizing for Response: The Unresolved Problem

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth E. Cohn ◽  
William A. Wallace ◽  
John R. Harrald
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Incident Command System ◽  
Unresolved Problem ◽  
Incident Command ◽  
Initial Strategy ◽  
Response Organization ◽  
The Creation

ABSTRACT During the critical hours immediately following a significant spill, responders must perform three functions: determine the initial strategy and tactics, mobilize resources, and create the response organization. This paper examines the processes of creating and managing a smoothly functioning response organization. The current trend toward the creation of highly centralized response organizations based on the Incident Command System is criticized, based on research that demonstrates the need for a decentralized, flexible decision-making structure during a crisis. Research that examines the role of the external environment and organizational culture in the creation of effective crisis management organizations is identified. The formation of decision-centered organizations that effectively use decision-making groups is discussed. Until and unless these issues are better understood and addressed by disaster researchers and managers, organizing for response will remain an unresolved problem.

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