Antisocial and Conduct Disorders

2018 ◽  
pp. 195-207
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antisocial Personality Disorder ◽  
Conduct Disorders ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
The Core ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Rule Breaking ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses antisocial and conduct disorders, including conduct disorder (CD), oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and psychopathy. This cluster of related conditions is marked by impulsive, rule-breaking, and aggressive behavior and lies at the core of the externalizing spectrum. After an overview of these disorders, their developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorders within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that antisocial and conduct disorders can be classified as prototypical fast spectrum (F-type) conditions.

Panic and Agoraphobia

2018 ◽  
pp. 340-346
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Autonomic Activity ◽  
Confined Spaces ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses panic disorder and agoraphobia. Panic disorder is defined by recurring panic attacks, dramatic episodes in which a surge of autonomic activity is accompanied by rapidly escalating levels of fear and distress. Agoraphobia is the persistent fear of open or confined spaces, which often develops as a secondary response to panic attacks. After an overview of these disorders, their developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorders within the FSD model. The author concludes that panic and agoraphobia can be classified as defense activation (D-type) conditions.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2018 ◽  
pp. 323-330
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Type Condition ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Physiological Symptoms ◽  
Developmental Features ◽  
Prolonged Response

The chapter discusses posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a severe, prolonged response to witnessing or experiencing traumatic events that may manifest with a variety of cognitive, affective, and physiological symptoms, from irritability and hypervigilance to recurrent dreams and flashbacks. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that PTSD can be classified as a defense activation (D-type) condition.

Conduct disorders and antisocial personality disorder in childhood and adolescence

2020 ◽  
pp. 1265-1276
Author(s):  
Stephen Scott ◽  
Melanie Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Antisocial Personality Disorder ◽  
Academic Failure ◽  
Conduct Disorders ◽  
Drug Misuse ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Callous Unemotional ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Callous Unemotional Traits ◽  
Unemotional Traits

Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders are the most common mental health problems in childhood. They have a poor prognosis if left untreated, with increased crime, violence, drug misuse, academic failure, dependence on state welfare, psychosis, and early death. A number of children additionally have callous-unemotional traits, and they are at risk for going on to develop antisocial personality disorder, which has its origins in childhood. Children with comorbid callous-unemotional traits or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms have a high genetic contribution to their problems and reduced functioning in the limbic and prefrontal areas. There have been over 100 randomized controlled trials of interventions, with evidence-based parenting programmes repeatedly being shown to be effective in both the short and the longer term. There is emerging evidence that they may help prevent personality disorder. In the absence of ADHD, medication has no role to play in the routine management of oppositional defiant and conduct disorders.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Rational Emotive Therapy in the Management of Antisocial Personality Disorder among Adolescents in Owerri Municipal, Imo State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 555-565
Author(s):  
Chikwe Agbakwuru ◽  
Hope Ejiociii Mgbeoduru
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Antisocial Personality Disorder ◽  
Conduct Disorders ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Rational Emotive Therapy ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Imo State ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Rational Emotive

This study investigated the efficacy of Rational Emotive Therapy in, the management of (ASPD) among adolescents in Owerri municipal, Imo State, Nigeria. It adopted a quasi-experimental design of pre-test post-test control group. Three research questions and three hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance guided the study. Thirty adolescents who were eighteen years formed the sample. Mean, standard derivation, t-test and 2 ways ANOVA were used to analyze the data obtained. The results obtained showed that Rational Emotive Therapy is efficacious in the management of antisocial personality disorder at post and follow up tests. The results also indicate that male and female adolescents have ASPD and are amenable to change using cognitive restructuring technique of Rational Emotive Therapy. Based on the findings, it was recommended that counselling psychologists should be posted to schools and made teaching subject free to enable them identify and work on adolescents with ASPD and its antecedents of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorders.

Social Anxiety Disorder

2018 ◽  
pp. 347-352
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Type Condition ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses social anxiety disorder (SAD) or “social phobia”, a condition marked by persistent fears and/or anxieties about social situations (including public speaking and other types of performance) that expose the person to scrutiny by others. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that SAD can be classified as a defense activation (D-type) condition.

Specific Phobias

2018 ◽  
pp. 331-339
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Specific Phobias ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses specific phobias, one of the most common categories of psychopathology. Phobias are exaggerated fears of particular objects of situations, from animals and heights to flying and being exposed to blood, injections, and injuries. After an overview of these disorders, their developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorders within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that phobias can be classified as defense activation (D-type) conditions.

The Autism Spectrum

2018 ◽  
pp. 243-260
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
De Novo Mutations ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Autism is defined by a triad of symptoms: impairments in social interaction, impairments in communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors and interests. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model and identify functionally distinct subtypes. The author proposes to distinguish between a slow spectrum subtype with normal or high IQ and a major role of common alleles (S-ASD) and a subtype unrelated to life history variation, with high rates of intellectual disability and a major role of rare and de novo mutations (O-ASD).

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2018 ◽  
pp. 353-366
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Not Just Right Experiences ◽  
Harm Prevention ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a condition defined by the presence of intrusive mental contents (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model and identify functionally distinct subtypes. The author proposes to distinguish between a female-biased defense activation subtype (D-OCD) primarily motivated by harm prevention and marked by elevated anxiety and/or disgust, and a male-biased slow spectrum subtype (S-OCD) primarily motivated by feelings of incompleteness and imperfection (“not just right” experiences).

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

2018 ◽  
pp. 319-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Type Condition ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Developmental Features ◽  
Very High

The chapter discusses generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a chronic state of excessive, uncontrollable anxiety and worry about a number of different events and activities. Generalized anxiety co-occurs with depression at very high rates and shares the same genetic risk factors. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that GAD can be classified as a defense activation (D-type) condition.

Depression

2018 ◽  
pp. 301-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Developmental Features ◽  
Persistent Depressive Disorder

The chapter discusses depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and persistent depressive disorder (PDD) or dysthymia. These disorders are marked by severe, prolonged episodes of dejected mood and/or loss of interest and pleasure in rewarding activities (anhedonia), and may be accompanied by somatic symptoms involving sleep, appetite, and so on. After an overview of these disorders, their developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorders within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that depressive disorders can be classified as a defense activation (D-type) conditions.

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