Session 1

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Edna B. Foa ◽  
Elizabeth A. Hembree ◽  
Barbara Olasov Rothbaum ◽  
Sheila A. M. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
General Information ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Traumatic Memory ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Presenting Problems ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Alcohol And Drugs ◽  
In The Beginning

In the beginning of this first PE session, the therapist presents the patient with an overall rationale for PE and describes the main tools of the therapy: imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure. The therapist uses the Trauma Interview to collect general information about the immediate presenting problems, the patient’s functioning, the traumatic experience(s), physical and mental health since the trauma, social support, and use of alcohol and drugs. The Trauma Interview is also designed to aid in the identification of the target trauma. This is the traumatic memory that will be the focus of treatment. Identifying the target trauma is a critical element of effective PE. The patient is also taught breathing retraining in this session.

Session 3

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-114
Author(s):  
Edna B. Foa ◽  
Elizabeth A. Hembree ◽  
Barbara Olasov Rothbaum ◽  
Sheila A. M. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Emotional Engagement ◽  
Traumatic Memory ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Trauma Memory ◽  
Opportunities For Learning ◽  
Present Tense

This session presents imaginal exposure, or revisiting the trauma memory in imagery, a procedure in which the patient is asked to visualize and emotionally connect with the traumatic memory while recounting the experience aloud, in the present tense. The standard procedure is designed to (1) enhance the patient’s ability to access the salient aspects of the trauma memory, (2) promote emotional engagement with the trauma memory, and (3) invite narration of the memory in the patient’s own words. After the imaginal revisiting, the therapist processes the experience with the patient. Processing involves encouraging the patient to talk about reactions to revisiting the trauma memory and to discuss feelings and thoughts about the trauma or its meaning in her life. Imaginal recounting of the trauma memory creates powerful opportunities for learning. It is common for patients to emerge from imaginal (and in vivo) exposure with new awareness or insights.

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for PTSD

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Roy ◽  
Albert Rizzo ◽  
JoAnn Difede ◽  
Barbara O. Rothbaum
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Exposure Therapy ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Consensus Statements

Expert treatment guidelines and consensus statements identified imaginal exposure therapy as a first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) more than a decade ago. Subsequently, an Institute of Medicine report concluded that cognitive–behavioral therapy with exposure therapy is the only therapy with sufficient evidence to recommend it for PTSD. Imaginal exposure has been the most widely used exposure approach. It requires patients to recall and narrate their traumatic experience repeatedly, in progressively greater detail, both to facilitate the therapeutic processing of related emotions and to decondition the learning cycle of the disorder via a habituation–extinction process. Prolonged exposure, one of the best-evidenced forms of exposure therapy, incorporates psychoeducation, controlled breathing techniques, in vivo exposure, prolonged imaginal exposure to traumatic memories, and processing of traumatic material, typically for 9 to 12 therapy sessions of about 90 minutes each. However, avoidance of reminders of the trauma is a defining feature of PTSD, so it is not surprising that many patients are unwilling or unable to visualize effectively and recount traumatic events repeatedly. Some studies of imaginal exposure have reported 30% to 50% dropout rates before completion of treatment. Adding to the challenge, some patients have an aversion to “traditional” psychotherapy as well as to pharmacotherapy, and may find alternative approaches more appealing. Younger individuals in particular may be attracted to virtual reality-based therapies.

Treating Spider Phobics with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: A Controlled Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Muris ◽  
Harald Merckelbach
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exposure Group ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Avoidance Test ◽  
Behavioural Avoidance

The present study examined the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of a specific phobia. Twenty-four spider phobic subjects were randomly assigned to either (1) an EMDR group (n=8), (2) an imaginal exposure group (n=8), or (3) a control group (n=8). Both the EMDR and the imaginal exposure group underwent a one-hour treatment. The control group initially received no treatment, and waited for one hour. Next, all groups received exposure in vivo. Treatment outcome was evaluated with a standardized Behavioural Avoidance Test (BAT). No evidence was found for EMDR being more effective than imaginal exposure or waiting list control. In fact, only exposure in vivo therapy resulted in significant improvement on the BAT.

Ethnobotany, Pharmacological activities and Bioavailability studies of “King of Bitter” (Kalmegh): A Review (2010-2020)

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharuti Mehta ◽  
Anil Kumar Sharma ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
General Information ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Pure Compounds

Background: Andrographis paniculata, commonly known as “Kalmegh”, is an annual herbaceous plant from family Acanthaceae. The whole plant of A. paniculata has explored for multiple pharmacological activities and is scientifically recognized by in-vivo and in-vitro studies. Various biotechnologically engineered techniques have been explored to enhance the bioavailability of this plant. Objective: In this review, we aim to present comprehensive recent advances in the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, specific pharmacology, safety and toxicology and bioavailability of A. paniculata and its pure compounds. Possible directions for future research are also outlined in brief, which will encourage advance investigations on this plant. Methods: Information on the recent updates of the present review is collected from different electronic scientific databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. All the composed information is classified into different sections according to the objective of the paper. Results: More than hundred research and review papers have been studied and incorporated in the present manuscript. After vast literature search of A. paniculata, we present a noteworthy report of various phytoconstituents present in plant, which are accountable for potential therapeutic properties of the plant. Forty-five of studied articles give general information about introduction, ethnobotany and traditional uses of the plant. Twenty-two papers enclosed information about the phytoconstituents present in different parts of A. paniculata and seventy-two papers briefly outlined the pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-dengue, anti-ulcerogenic, antifungal, some miscellaneous activities like activity against SARS-CoV-2, antidiarrhoeal. Nineteen studies highlighted the research work conducted by various researchers to increased bioavailability of A. paniculata and two studies reported the safety and toxicology of the plant. Conclusion: This review incorporated the scientifically validated research work encompassing the ethnobotanical description of the subjected plant, phytochemical profile, various pharmacological activities, and recent approaches to enhance the bioavailability of active metabolites.

Variations and How to Decide

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Sheila A. M. Rauch ◽  
Barbara O. Rothbaum ◽  
Erin R. Smith ◽  
Edna B. Foa
Keyword(s):  
Program Design ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Outpatient Program ◽  
Intensive Outpatient Program ◽  
Intensive Outpatient

This therapist guide presents the scaffold and structure for the Prolonged Exposure-Intensive Outpatient Program (PE-IOP). The program is focused on exposure as provided through individual imaginal exposure and group in vivo exposure. The format presented is based primarily on the model used in the Emory Healthcare Veterans Program (EHVP), but this chapter provides a focus on the most common variations in program design with a discussion of how to decide between the different potential variations. Relevant inclusions and exclusions are presented along with rationales.

Assessment of Chronic Pain in Military Patients with PTSD

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S721-S721
Author(s):  
E. Ben Zina ◽  
M.W. Krir ◽  
H. Bel Hadj ◽  
A. Tajmout ◽  
C. Ben Cheikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Pain Symptoms

IntroductionPatients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) presents often with several concomitant physical and mental health problems. Recent evidence suggests that pain is one of the most commonly reported symptoms in patients with PTSD, regardless of the nature of their traumatic experience.Aim of the studyTo evaluate chronic pain in patients with PTSD in a Tunisian military sample.MethodsTransversal descriptive study of a sample of 22 patients treated for PTSD in the Principal Military Hospital of Instruction of Tunis during the period between August and October 2016.The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD), and the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (BPI-SF) were administered for patients.ResultsAll the patients of the study were male. The mean age of the sample was 29.6 years. Fifty percent presented with a co-morbid major depression and 59.1% with chronic pain symptoms. Locations of chronic pain were as follow: limb pain (69.23%), back pain (38.46%), headache (30.76%) and torso pain (7.69%). Sequelae from combat-related trauma were present in 31.8% of cases.ConclusionThe results of this study illustrate a high rate of chronic pain symptoms among PTSD patients. This suggests that closer attention should be given to the interaction of medical problems, especially pain, with PTSD symptomatology in clinical management and in future research.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Trauma, Narrative and History: Representation of Traumatic Experience in the Works of Algirdas Landsbergis

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-323
Author(s):  
Gabija Bankauskaitė ◽  
Loreta Huber
Keyword(s):  
Historical Trauma ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Traumatic Memory ◽  
Individual Event ◽  
Trauma Narrative ◽  
The Past ◽  
Stressful Experience ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Trauma Fiction

The twentieth century witnessed an abundant number of traumatic events related to dark history. Trauma caused by war, occupation, exile, repression, gave rise to migration or mass murder. To rely upon Cathy Caruth (1996: 3), the concept of trauma is understood as a physical wound; however, subsequently in medicine and the literature of psychiatry, especially in Freud’s works, the concept of trauma came to be understood as a psychological wound. In addition, trauma is not only a disturbing or stressful experience that affects an individual physically or psychologically, it may also be based on other factors created by society. Over time the field of trauma in various contexts expanded so that today it is widely used in sociology when analysing historical and cultural events. Cultural traumatic memory is mirrored in trauma fiction that conveys the experience of loss and suffering, there is a space for memories, introspection, recollections, flashbacks and awful remembrances that are colored by pain. Apart from individual, event-based trauma, there is another category of trauma variously called cultural or historical trauma, which affects groups of people. Numerous studies have been conducted on the latter topic, however, trauma and its expression in Lithuanian literature has not yet been sufficiently documented. The aim of this study is to discuss the concepts of cultural and historical trauma and the way trauma is reflected in Algirdas Jeronimas Landsbergis’ works. The authors of the study claim that Landsbergis – one of many Lithuanian writers-in-exile – wrote texts that fill a cultural vacuum and invite a re-discussion of what was most painful in the past.

scholarly journals Trauma as Social Vaccine in Walter Scott’s Guy Mannering

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Cristian Vîjea
Keyword(s):  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Trauma Studies ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Traumatic Memory ◽  
Scottish Enlightenment ◽  
Narrative Strategy ◽  
Pathological Development ◽  
Conservative View ◽  
Social Cause

This article looks into Scott’s use of trauma as a fictional construct. Despite Scott’s indebtedness to the Scottish Enlightenment Weltanschauung, his descriptions of trauma in Guy Mannering come incredibly close to the distinctions analyzed in trauma studies today. Very sensitive to the elements of absence and loss, Scott mirrors traumatic memory in his narrative strategy as well. Young Bertram and the readers are able to process the traumatic experience into a narrative and recover the lost ‘historical’ narrative only after a long process in which Bertram’s ‘acting out’ memories trigger responses in his former community which help him recover a narrative of the traumatic events. Scott fulfills the task of the ‘historian’ to detraumatize events (White 87). Trauma and the element of absence have a social cause and a deeper ripple. They function as a social vaccine, strengthening the weakened social structure against radical impulses. These impulses are at loggerheads with Scott’s conservative view, which unites Whig principles with a Torry perspective (Trumpener 715). Being at the center of a social imbalance caused by radical measures, trauma can be healed only with the help of the community whose immune mechanisms expel and neutralize the pathological development, of a society in which enlightened official forces cooperate with the marginal social strata and outcasts.

scholarly journals Transepithelial potential difference of the intestine and gallbladder of Hoplias malabaricus, a freshwater teleost. effect of urotensins I and II

1996 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Amália Pavanato ◽  
Bernardo Baldisserotto ◽  
Roni João Rakoski ◽  
Olga Martins Mimura
Keyword(s):  
Potential Difference ◽  
Freshwater Teleost ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Transepithelial Potential ◽  
Transepithelial Potential Difference ◽  
Transport Of Ions ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Stabilization Period

This study analyzed the effect of the injection of urotensin I (UI) and urotensis II (UII) on the stabilization of the transepithelial potential difference (TPD) of the medium intestine, rectum, and gallbladder of Hoplias malabaricus to investigate if the transport of ions in these organs is affected "in vivo" by these neurohormones. The TPD of the medium intestine, rectum and gallbladder was serosa positive, and remained constant since the first measurement. The injection of both urotensins did not alter the stabilization of the TPD of the medium intestine and rectum when compared with saline-injected group. The injection of UI increased the TPD of the gallbladder in the beginning (0-10 min) of the stabilization period and in the interval of 20-30 min of the stabilization period when fishes were killed 2h and 4h after the injection, respectively, in relation to saline-injected group. The UII injection increased the TPD of the gallbladder only in the beginning (time 0) of the stabilization period in relation to saline when fishes were killed 2h after the injection. No changes in the TPD of the studied organs were detected when fishes were killed 4h after the injection of UII. This study confirms the hypothesis that UI and UII can participate in the regulation of the composition of the bile of fishes, since the injection of both hormones altered the TPD of the gallbladder of H. malabaricus.

scholarly journals Traumatic Memory in Ukrainian Literary Reception: Symptoms of Post-dependence

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-250
Author(s):  
Oksana Pukhonska
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Traumatic Memory ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Trauma ◽  
The Social ◽  
Second World ◽  
Literary Reception

The paper is devoted to analysis of the post-totalitarian memory in literary reception of Ukraine. After the decades of ignoring, this memory became the driving force of social processes and the construct of national identity. The author pays attention to the social trauma of soviet repressions and Second World War, which negatively influenced cultural consciousness of the society. Displaced and forgotten memory is understood as the main reason for lack of progress in the post-Soviet Ukraine. The traumatic experience of the past turned out to be both a lesson and an incentive for large-scale public and conscious transformations, about which modern authors write.

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