Session 3

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-114
Author(s):  
Edna B. Foa ◽  
Elizabeth A. Hembree ◽  
Barbara Olasov Rothbaum ◽  
Sheila A. M. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Emotional Engagement ◽  
Traumatic Memory ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Trauma Memory ◽  
Opportunities For Learning ◽  
Present Tense

This session presents imaginal exposure, or revisiting the trauma memory in imagery, a procedure in which the patient is asked to visualize and emotionally connect with the traumatic memory while recounting the experience aloud, in the present tense. The standard procedure is designed to (1) enhance the patient’s ability to access the salient aspects of the trauma memory, (2) promote emotional engagement with the trauma memory, and (3) invite narration of the memory in the patient’s own words. After the imaginal revisiting, the therapist processes the experience with the patient. Processing involves encouraging the patient to talk about reactions to revisiting the trauma memory and to discuss feelings and thoughts about the trauma or its meaning in her life. Imaginal recounting of the trauma memory creates powerful opportunities for learning. It is common for patients to emerge from imaginal (and in vivo) exposure with new awareness or insights.

Session 1

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Edna B. Foa ◽  
Elizabeth A. Hembree ◽  
Barbara Olasov Rothbaum ◽  
Sheila A. M. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
General Information ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Traumatic Memory ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Presenting Problems ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Alcohol And Drugs ◽  
In The Beginning

In the beginning of this first PE session, the therapist presents the patient with an overall rationale for PE and describes the main tools of the therapy: imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure. The therapist uses the Trauma Interview to collect general information about the immediate presenting problems, the patient’s functioning, the traumatic experience(s), physical and mental health since the trauma, social support, and use of alcohol and drugs. The Trauma Interview is also designed to aid in the identification of the target trauma. This is the traumatic memory that will be the focus of treatment. Identifying the target trauma is a critical element of effective PE. The patient is also taught breathing retraining in this session.

Fear of Thoughts, Images, and Trauma Memories

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-186
Author(s):  
Jasper A. J. Smits ◽  
Mark B. Powers ◽  
Michael W. Otto
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Core ◽  
Trauma Memory ◽  
Bodily Sensations ◽  
Downward Arrow

Like Chapter 5 (fear of emotions and bodily sensations), Chapter 7 discusses the treatment of internal threats including thoughts, images, and trauma memories. Imaginal exposure is particularly effective for the treatment of these fears. It has advantages over in vivo exposure because it can be used when in vivo exposure may not be appropriate or feasible (e.g., for combat traumas, contracting a disease, dying alone, harming someone). It can be used alone or in combination with in vivo exposure. When used in combination, it is generally delivered first in therapy (sequentially) or along with in vivo exposure (concurrently). Imaginal exposure therapy steps include identifying the core threat (downward arrow technique) or trauma memory, developing an imaginal exposure script/planning sheet, delivery of imaginal exposure for approximately 30-minutes (recording patient voice, first person, present tense), processing of the imaginal exposure (what was learned/meaning), and assigning home practice (listen to the recording daily). Imaginal exposure can be used as a transdiagnostic approach to reduce fear. In particular, the chapter discusses slight modifications in the cases of generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Session 3

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
Barbara Olasov Rothbaum ◽  
Edna B. Foa ◽  
Elizabeth A. Hembree ◽  
Sheila A. M. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Trauma Memory ◽  
Patient Will ◽  
Present Tense

Imaginal exposure, or revisiting the trauma memory in the patient’s imagination, is a procedure in which the patient is asked to go over the traumatic event while saying it out loud repeatedly, in the present tense. In Session 3, the patient will do his or her first imaginal exposure to the trauma memory, followed by processing this experience with the therapist. In processing, the therapist will ask the patient to describe his or her thoughts and feelings about the imaginal exposure and to pay attention to how that impacts the associated distress.

Treating Spider Phobics with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: A Controlled Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Muris ◽  
Harald Merckelbach
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exposure Group ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Avoidance Test ◽  
Behavioural Avoidance

The present study examined the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of a specific phobia. Twenty-four spider phobic subjects were randomly assigned to either (1) an EMDR group (n=8), (2) an imaginal exposure group (n=8), or (3) a control group (n=8). Both the EMDR and the imaginal exposure group underwent a one-hour treatment. The control group initially received no treatment, and waited for one hour. Next, all groups received exposure in vivo. Treatment outcome was evaluated with a standardized Behavioural Avoidance Test (BAT). No evidence was found for EMDR being more effective than imaginal exposure or waiting list control. In fact, only exposure in vivo therapy resulted in significant improvement on the BAT.

scholarly journals Establishment of health management package for native sheep of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
KBM Saiful Islam ◽  
Md Ershaduzzaman ◽  
Md Nuruzzaman Munsi ◽  
Md Humayun Kabir ◽  
Sompa Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Management ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
Native Sheep ◽  
Sheep Production

The present study was designed to explore the disease status of sheep in Bangladesh with the aim of developing health management package for sheep for better and efficient sheep production in Bangladesh. Both retrospective and prospective investigations on the incidence and prevalence of different diseases of sheep have been conducted in the study areas. Information on the disease related factors like health status, sex and age, vaccination, deworming, etc. were collected. Samples (faeces, blood, etc.) were collected from the diseased/dead animals and preserved following the standard procedure. Faecal samples were examined to determine the parasitic loads and faecal as well as blood samples were examined to determine any protozoan infection present in the study animals. Samples from diarrhoeic animals were studied to isolate and identify causal organisms. Antibiotic resistance and sensitivity studies of the aetiological agents responsible for common infectious diseases in sheep were also conducted in order to suggest the most suitable antibiotic to treat the concerned diseases in the field. Since helminthic infections, diarrhea, pneumonia and foot rot were found to be the mostly occurring health hazards in sheep of all ages, especial attempts were made to develop herbal based novel approaches to treat and control major intestinal helminthic infestations of sheep. However, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were found most effective antibiotics and recommended to use in diarrhoeal cases in the field. On the other hand, methanol extract of mahogany seeds (100 mg), betel leaf (100 mg) and dodder (100 mg) were found significantly effective against 100% worms in 2 hours in vitro and thus recommended to be used in the field against helminthic infection in sheep. Therefore, a health management package for native sheep of Bangladesh can be designed using the present findings with some fluctuations for different sites after doing the in vivo evaluation of the medicinal plants used in this experiment.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(1): 151-155, April 2016

Variations and How to Decide

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Sheila A. M. Rauch ◽  
Barbara O. Rothbaum ◽  
Erin R. Smith ◽  
Edna B. Foa
Keyword(s):  
Program Design ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Outpatient Program ◽  
Intensive Outpatient Program ◽  
Intensive Outpatient

This therapist guide presents the scaffold and structure for the Prolonged Exposure-Intensive Outpatient Program (PE-IOP). The program is focused on exposure as provided through individual imaginal exposure and group in vivo exposure. The format presented is based primarily on the model used in the Emory Healthcare Veterans Program (EHVP), but this chapter provides a focus on the most common variations in program design with a discussion of how to decide between the different potential variations. Relevant inclusions and exclusions are presented along with rationales.

scholarly journals Preferable Transplant Site for Hepatocyte Transplantation in a Rat Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 096368972110400
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Ogasawara ◽  
Akiko Inagaki ◽  
Ibrahim Fathi ◽  
Takehiro Imura ◽  
Hiroki Yamana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
In Vivo Imaging ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Graft Function ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Hepatocyte Transplantation ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Imaging Evaluation ◽  
Transplant Site

Intraportal injection is regarded as the current standard procedure of hepatocyte transplantation (HTx). In islet transplantation, which shares many aspects with HTx, recent studies have clarified that instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR), characterized by strong innate immune responses, can cause poor engraftment, so other transplant sites to avoid such a reaction have been established. Although IBMIR was reported to occur in HTx, few reports have evaluated alternative transplant sites for HTx. In this study, we sought to determine the optimum transplant site for HTx. Rat hepatocytes (1.0 × 107) were transplanted at the 9 transplant sites (intraportal (IPO), intrasplenic (IS), liver parenchyma, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, renal subcapsular, muscle, inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue, and omentum) of analbuminemic rats. The serum albumin levels, immunohistochemical staining (albumin, TUNEL, and BrdU), and in vivo imaging of the grafts were evaluated. The serum albumin levels of the IPO group were significantly higher than those of the other groups ( p < .0001). The BrdU-positive hepatocyte ratio of liver in the IS group (0.9% ± 0.2%) was comparable to that of the IPO group (0.9% ± 0.3%) and tended to be higher than that of the spleen in the IS group (0.5% ± 0.1%, p = .16). Considering the in vivo imaging evaluation and the influence of splenectomy, the graft function in the IS group may be almost entirely achieved by hepatocytes that have migrated to the liver. The present study clearly showed that the intraportal injection procedure is more efficient than other procedures for performing HTx

scholarly journals Glycemic Index of Selected Indian Rice Varieties

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
M. Mohibbe Azam ◽  
Afifa Jahan ◽  
K. Uma Maheshwari ◽  
T. Ram ◽  
Amtul Waris
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Cooking And Eating Quality

Aims: For prevention and management of type II diabetes among rice eating population, consumption of rice with lower Glycemic Index (GI) is highly desirable as low GI food decreases plasma glucose levels and plasma insulin demand. As there is paucity of information on the GIs of commonly consumed rice varieties in India, the aim of this study was to determine GI of selected five rice varieties, and to find relationship of GI with their cooking and eating quality traits. Study Design, Place and Duration: In vivo experiment was conducted at PG&RC, PJTS Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India, during March, 2017 to February, 2018. During this period, cooking and eating quality traits of selected rice varieties were determined in ICAR- Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India. Methodology: GIs were determined by feeding10 fasted human subjects a fixed portion of foods and subsequently measuring plasma glucose of their blood samples at specific interval of time and GIs were calculated using standard formula. Cooking and eating quality traits were determined using standard procedure. Results: The estimated GI values were 56.38(SEM 1.57), 59.23(SEM 1.02), 71.73 (SEM 1.75), 87.40 (SEM 1.90), and 94.05 (SEM 1.21), respectively for Sampada, Dhanrasi, DRR Dhan 42, DRR Dhan 43, and Jarava. Alkali spreading value (ASV), Gel consistency (GC), and Water uptake (WU) values of these five varieties ranged from 4 to 6, 22 mm to 54.5 mm, and 80 ml/ 100 g to 255 ml/100 g, respectively. Conclusion: Two varieties were identified with moderate GI values (Sampada, 56.38 ± 1.57; Dhanrasi, 59.23± 1.02). These varieties can prove to be a healthier option to incorporate in nutritional therapeutic diet. It is also concluded that lower ASV, higher GC, and lower WU, are good predictors for lower GIs of rice varieties. These relationships may be used for screening of low GI rice cultivars in breeding programme.

157 AGGREGATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF RABBIT CLONED EMBRYOS WITH ZYGOTIC, TETRAPLOID, AND PARTHENOGENETIC EMBRYO IN VITRO

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
C.-H. Chen ◽  
T.-A. Lin ◽  
H.-Y. Su ◽  
Y.-S. Sung ◽  
L.-J. Sung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Culture In Vitro ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Counting Data ◽  
Parthenogenetic Embryo ◽  
Different Origin

The rabbit compared to other domestic animals, such as cattle and sheep, was a relatively more difficult species to clone. One of the major reasons may be attributed to the low cell number in cloned embryo before implantation. This study was designed to aggregate 2 nuclear transfer (NT) embryos and one with a different origin, determine their developmental potential in vitro, and finally examine the cell number of aggregated embryos. NT was performed with our standard procedure using in vivo derived oocytes and donor cells from adult skin fibroblasts. Zygotes (ZY) were collected from does at 18 h post-hCG and mating. Parthenogenetic (PA) embryos were generated from oocytes with activation protocol, whereas tetraploid embryos (4N) were prepared by fusing fertilized embryos at 2-celled stage into 1-celled stage by electrical pulse. All of the embryos were cultured for 20-24 h into 4-/8-celled stage prior to aggregation. Zona pellucida was then removed and 2 NT embryos were aggregated with 1 embryo originated from ZY, PA, and 4N groups in a depressed droplet containing culture medium. Aggregated embryos were cultured for another 48 h (total 3 days, initiation of activation = Day 0) before being fixed for cell counting. Both single embryo from NT, ZY, PA, and 4N and 3 embryo aggregates (3X) from the same category were used as controls for NT aggregation. The results of 3-day embryo culture in vitro showed that the development of aggregated embryos to blastocyst (BL) stage was 2 NT + ZY, 68.6% (n = 35); 2 NT + 4N, 91.7% (n = 36); and 2 NT+PA, 37.5% (n = 24), whereas 3X aggregates developed to BL at a rate of ZY, 100% (n = 24); 4N, 100% (n = 19); and PA, 100% (n = 14). The BL rates of single embryo control developed into early BL were ZY, 100% (n = 34) and 4N, 93% (n = 36); however, NT and PA developed slower, only 45.4% NT (n = 187) and 79.2% PA (n = 72) to compacted morula/early BL stage. Cell counting data (Table 1) showed that there was no difference in cell number per embryo between NT and PA, whereas ZY and 4N possessed significantly higher cell number than NT and PA (128-162 v. 52-61, P < 0.05) for single embryo category. In the 3X aggregation group, significantly higher cell number per aggregated embryo was found in ZY and 4N compared to that in PA (549-564 v. 196, P < 0.05). More importantly, there was significantly higher cell number found in 2 NT + 4N embryo than that in single 4N (293 v. 162, P < 0.05). This result demonstrated that 2 cloned embryos had propagated and incorporated into 1 tetraploid embryo during pre-implantational development. The next step is to study how NT embryos successfully interact within the aggregated embryo during further development and differentiation, in order to increase the birth rate of clones. Table 1.The cell number of aggragated rabbit embryos between NT and other embryos of different origin after 3 days of culture in vitro Supported by NIH 5R44HL091605-03.

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