Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Structural Connectivity ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Brain Circuitry ◽

Visuospatial Information ◽

Attention To Detail ◽

This chapter covers the latest studies addressing neurobiological and genetic/heritable factors that may contribute to body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). BDD affects approximately 2% of the population and involves perceived defects of appearance along with obsessive preoccupation and repetitive, compulsive-like behaviors. Studies of visual processing suggest that disturbances in visual perception and visuospatial information processing, characterized by heightened attention to detail and impairment in holistic and global assessment, contribute to the condition. Also reviewed are studies of brain circuitry in BDD, which implicate white matter and structural connectivity abnormalities as playing possible roles in the pathophysiology of BDD. Finally, this chapter reviews the evidence that the susceptibility for BDD may be partly heritable and that there may be shared genetic factors among the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (of which BDD is a member) as a group.

Neurobiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder : Heritability/Genetics, Brain Circuitry, and Visual Processing

10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0020 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Danyale McCurdy-McKinnon ◽

Jamie D. Feusner

Keyword(s):

Visual Processing ◽

Global Assessment ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Structural Connectivity ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Brain Circuitry ◽

Visuospatial Information ◽

Attention To Detail ◽

This chapter covers studies addressing neurobiologic factors that may contribute to body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). There are indications that neurobiologic abnormalities are associated with symptoms in BDD. This includes evidence that the susceptibility for BDD may be partly heritable and that there may be shared genetic factors among the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (of which BDD is a member) as a group. In addition, studies of brain circuitry in BDD implicate white matter and structural connectivity abnormalities as playing possible roles in the pathophysiology of BDD. Furthermore, studies of visual processing suggest that disturbances in visual perception and visuospatial information processing, characterized by heightened attention to detail and impairment in holistic and global assessment, are also contributory.

Revisiting the Obsessive-compulsive Spectrum

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70772-2 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

F. Ramalho e Silva ◽

C. Branco ◽

A.E. Ribeiro

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Medical Disorders ◽

Wide Range ◽

Dsm Iv ◽

Spectrum Disorders

In the DSM IV-TR, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is categorized as an anxiety disorder. A wide range of psychiatric and medical disorders, not included in this category, has been hypothesized to be related to OCD and to form a family of disorders known as obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSD). OCSD would include several clinically heterogeneous disorders such as Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Tourette's Syndrome or Pathological Gambling. This construct is based on disorders’ similarities with OCD in a variety of domains such as phenomenology, comorbidity, neurotransmitter or peptide systems, neurocircuitry, family history, genetic factors and treatment response. This presentation provides an overview of the existing literature regarding the concept of the OCD spectrum and the relationships between the disorders included in OCSD. Although there are data supporting the inclusion of some disorders in the OC spectrum, more research is needed to clarify the relationships and the boundaries between these disorders. Ultimately, a better understanding of OC spectrum may have significant implications for clinical practice.

The relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review of direct comparative studies

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/0004867418799925 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 52 (11) ◽

pp. 1030-1049 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Amy Malcolm ◽

Izelle Labuschagne ◽

David Castle ◽

Gill Terrett ◽

Peter G Rendell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Visual Processing ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Negative Evaluation ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Pubmed Database

Objective: Current nosology conceptualises body dysmorphic disorder as being related to obsessive-compulsive disorder, but the direct evidence to support this conceptualisation is mixed. In this systematic review, we aimed to provide an integrated overview of research that has directly compared body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Method: The PubMed database was searched for empirical studies which had directly compared body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder groups across any subject matter. Of 379 records, 31 met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Results: Evidence of similarities between body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder was identified for broad illness features, including age of onset, illness course, symptom severity and level of functional impairment, as well as high perfectionism and high fear of negative evaluation. However, insight was clearly worse in body dysmorphic disorder than obsessive-compulsive disorder, and preliminary data also suggested unique visual processing features, impaired facial affect recognition, increased social anxiety severity and overall greater social-affective dysregulation in body dysmorphic disorder relative to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusion: Limitations included a restricted number of studies overall, an absence of studies comparing biological parameters (e.g. neuroimaging), and the frequent inclusion of participants with comorbid body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Risks of interpreting common features as indications of shared underlying mechanisms are explored, and evidence of differences between the disorders are placed in the context of broader research findings. Overall, this review suggests that the current nosological status of body dysmorphic disorder is somewhat tenuous and requires further investigation, with particular focus on dimensional, biological and aetiological elements.

Possible shared genetic risk factors for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive behaviour: the Val66Met polymorphism of the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

Aktuelle Neurologie ◽

10.1055/s-2004-833305 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 31 (S 1) ◽

Author(s):

S Klaffke ◽

IR König ◽

F Poustka ◽

A Ziegler ◽

J Hebebrandt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Tourette Syndrome ◽

Neurotrophic Factor ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Val66met Polymorphism ◽

Compulsive Behaviour ◽

The Brain ◽

Visual body processing’s associations to Body Mass Index and internalization of societal beauty ideals

10.31234/osf.io/vnhzm ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Valentina Cazzato ◽

Elizabeth Walters ◽

Cosimo Urgesi

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Visual Processing ◽

The Body ◽

Configural Processing ◽

Cultural Ideals ◽

Beauty Ideals ◽

Female Bodies ◽

Processing Mechanisms ◽

Attention To Detail

We examined whether visual processing mechanisms of the body of conspecifics are different in women and men and whether these rely on westernised socio-cultural ideals and body image concerns. Twenty-four women and 24 men performed a visual discrimination task of upright or inverted images of female or male bodies and faces (Experiment 1) and objects (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, both groups of women and men showed comparable abilities in the discrimination of upright and inverted bodies and faces. However, the genders of the human stimuli yielded different effects on participants’ performance, so that male bodies and female faces appeared to be processed less configurally than female bodies and male faces, respectively. Interestingly, altered configural processing for male bodies was significantly predicted by participants’ Body Mass Index (BMI) and their level of internalization of muscularity. Our findings suggest that configural visual processing of bodies and faces in women and men may be linked to a selective attention to detail needed for discriminating salient physical (perhaps sexual) cues of conspecifics. Importantly, BMI and muscularity internalization of beauty ideals may also play a crucial role in this mechanism.

Executive functioning in Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852921000705 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Long Long Chen ◽

Oskar Flygare ◽

John Wallert ◽

Jesper Enander ◽

Volen Z. Ivanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Functioning ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder

Identification of Potential Pleiotropic Genes for Immune and Skeletal Diseases Using Multivariate MetaCCA Analysis

Current Genomics ◽

10.2174/1389202923666211223115214 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

Author(s):

Pei He ◽

Rong- Rong Cao ◽

Fei- Yan Deng ◽

Shu- Feng Lei

Keyword(s):

Association Study ◽

Canonical Correlation ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Genome Wide Association Study ◽

Summary Statistics ◽

Immune Disease ◽

Histocompatibility Complex ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Genetic Mechanisms ◽

Background: Immune and skeletal systems physiologically and pathologically interact with each other. The immune and skeletal diseases may share potential pleiotropic genetics factors, but the shared specific genes are largely unknown Objective: This study aimed to investigate the overlapping genetic factors between multiple diseases (including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, sarcopenia and fracture) Methods: The canonical correlation analysis (metaCCA) approach was used to identify the shared genes for six diseases by integrating genome-wide association study (GWAS)-derived summary statistics. Versatile Gene-based Association Study (VEGAS2) method was further applied to refine and validate the putative pleiotropic genes identified by metaCCA. Results: About 157 (p<8.19E-6), 319 (p<3.90E-6) and 77 (p<9.72E-6) potential pleiotropic genes were identified shared by two immune disease, four skeletal diseases, and all of the six diseases, respectively. The top three significant putative pleiotropic genes shared by both immune and skeletal diseases, including HLA-B, TSBP1 and TSBP1-AS1 (p<E-300) were located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. Nineteen of 77 putative pleiotropic genes identified by metaCCA analysis were associated with at least one disease in the VEGAS2 analysis. Specifically, majority (18) of these 19 putative validated pleiotropic genes were associated with RA. Conclusion: The metaCCA method identified some pleiotropic genes shared by the immune and skeletal diseases. These findings help to improve our understanding of the shared genetic mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying immune and skeletal diseases.

Genetic and environmental influences on psychological distress in the population: General Health Questionnaire analyses in UK twins

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291703007451 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 793-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

F. V. RIJSDIJK ◽

H. SNIEDER ◽

J. ORMEL ◽

P. SHAM ◽

D. P. GOLDBERG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Control ◽

General Health ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Model Fitting ◽

Regression Method ◽

Health Questionnaire ◽

Twin Data ◽

Score Distribution ◽

Background. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is the most popular screening instrument for detecting psychiatric disorders in community samples. Using longitudinal data of a large sample of UK twin pairs, we explored (i) heritabilities of the four scales and the total score; (ii) the genetic stability over time; and (iii) the existence of differential heritable influences at the high (ill) and low (healthy) tail of the distribution.Method. At baseline we assessed the GHQ in 627 MZ and 1323 DZ female pairs and at a second occasion (3·5 years later) for a small subsample (90 MZ and 270 DZ pairs). Liability threshold models and raw ordinal maximum likelihood were used to estimate twin correlations and to fit longitudinal genetic models. We estimated extreme group heritabilities of the GHQ distribution by using a model-fitting implementation of the DeFries–Fulker regression method for selected twin data.Results. Heritabilities for Somatic Symptoms, Anxiety, Social Dysfunction, Depression and total score were 0·37, 0·40, 0·20, 0·42 and 0·44, respectively. The contribution of shared genetic factors to the correlations between time points is substantial for the total score (73%). Group heritabilities of 0·48 and 0·43 were estimated for the top and bottom 10% of the total GHQ score distribution, respectively.Conclusion. The overall heritability of the GHQ as a measure of psychosocial distress was substantial (44%), with all scales having significant additive genetic influences that persisted across time periods. Extreme group analyses suggest that the genetic control of resilience is as important as the genetic control of vulnerability.