Functional MRI in Psychiatric Disorders

2018 ◽  
pp. 91-118
Author(s):  
Jie Lisa Ji ◽  
Alan Anticevic
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions

sSince its introduction to clinical research, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has had a pivotal role in understanding the systems-level neural substrates of psychiatric disorders. fMRI is a powerful tool for the field of psychiatry because it is well suited to studying large-scale neural systems and distributed neuropathology, which are thought to underlie many of the behavioral symptoms in psychiatric conditions. This chapter highlights key fMRI findings in four major types of psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia, mood disorders (including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder), obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

scholarly journals Testing structural models of psychopathology at the genomic level

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwin D. Waldman ◽  
Holly E. Poore ◽  
Justin M. Luningham ◽  
Jingjing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Fitting Model

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed hundreds of genetic loci associated with the vulnerability to major psychiatric disorders, and post-GWAS analyses have shown substantial genetic correlations among these disorders. This evidence supports the existence of a higher-order structure of psychopathology at both the genetic and phenotypic levels. Despite recent efforts by collaborative consortia such as the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP), this structure remains unclear. In this study, we tested multiple alternative structural models of psychopathology at the genomic level, using the genetic correlations among fourteen psychiatric disorders and related psychological traits estimated from GWAS summary statistics. The best-fitting model included four correlated higher-order factors – externalizing, internalizing, thought problems, and neurodevelopmental disorders – which showed distinct patterns of genetic correlations with external validity variables and accounted for substantial genetic variance in their constituent disorders. A bifactor model including a general factor of psychopathology as well as the four specific factors fit worse than the above model. Several model modifications were tested to explore the placement of some disorders – such as bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders – within the broader psychopathology structure. The best-fitting model indicated that eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder, on the one hand, and bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, on the other, load together on the same thought problems factor. These findings provide support for several of the HiTOP higher-order dimensions and suggest a similar structure of psychopathology at the genomic and phenotypic levels.

scholarly journals Comprehensive exploration of the genetic contribution of the dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways to psychiatric disorders

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit Cabana-Domínguez ◽  
Bàrbara Torrico ◽  
Andreas Reif ◽  
Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo ◽  
Bru Cormand
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Genetic Contribution ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Gene Set ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Gene Sets ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions

AbstractPsychiatric disorders are highly prevalent and display considerable clinical and genetic overlap. Dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission have been shown to play an important role in many psychiatric disorders. Here we aim to assess the genetic contribution of these systems to eight psychiatric disorders (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anorexia nervosa (ANO), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), bipolar disorder (BIP), major depression (MD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia (SCZ) and Tourette’s syndrome (TS)) using publicly available GWAS analyses performed by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium that include more than 160,000 cases and 275,000 controls. To do so, we elaborated four different gene sets: two ‘wide’ selections for dopamine (DA) and for serotonin (SERT) using the Gene Ontology and KEGG pathways tools, and two’core’ selections for the same systems, manually curated. At the gene level, we found 67 genes from the DA and/or SERT gene sets significantly associated with one of the studied disorders, and 12 of them were associated with two different disorders. Gene-set analysis revealed significant associations for ADHD and ASD with the wide DA gene set, for BIP with the wide SERT gene set, and for MD with the core SERT set. Interestingly, interrogation of a cross-disorder GWAS meta-analysis of the eight psychiatric conditions displayed association with the wide DA gene set. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic examination of genes encoding proteins essential to the function of these two neurotransmitter systems in these disorders. Our results support a pleiotropic contribution of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in several psychiatric conditions.

Neuroanatomy of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mataix-Cols ◽  
Odile A. van den Heuvel
Keyword(s):  
Neural Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Symptom Dimensions ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) shares features and often co-occurs with other anxiety disorders, as well as with other psychiatric conditions classified elsewhere in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), the so-called “OCD spectrum disorders.” Neurobiologically, it is unclear how all these disorders relate to one another. The picture is further complicated by the clinical heterogeneity of OCD. This chapter will review the literature on the common and distinct neural correlates of OCD vis-à-vis other anxiety and “OCD spectrum” disorders. Furthermore, the question of whether partially distinct neural systems subserve the different symptom dimensions of OCD will be examined. Particular attention will be paid to hoarding, which is emerging as a distinct entity from OCD. Finally, new insights from cognitive and affective neuroscience will be reviewed before concluding with a summary and recommendations for future research.

scholarly journals Genetic influences on eight psychiatric disorders based on family data of 4 408 646 full and half-siblings, and genetic data of 333 748 cases and controls

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (07) ◽  
pp. 1166-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pettersson ◽  
P. Lichtenstein ◽  
H. Larsson ◽  
J. Song ◽  
A. Agrawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
Study Designs

AbstractBackgroundMost studies underline the contribution of heritable factors for psychiatric disorders. However, heritability estimates depend on the population under study, diagnostic instruments, and study designs that each has its inherent assumptions, strengths, and biases. We aim to test the homogeneity in heritability estimates between two powerful, and state of the art study designs for eight psychiatric disorders.MethodsWe assessed heritability based on data of Swedish siblings (N = 4 408 646 full and maternal half-siblings), and based on summary data of eight samples with measured genotypes (N = 125 533 cases and 208 215 controls). All data were based on standard diagnostic criteria. Eight psychiatric disorders were studied: (1) alcohol dependence (AD), (2) anorexia nervosa, (3) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (4) autism spectrum disorder, (5) bipolar disorder, (6) major depressive disorder, (7) obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and (8) schizophrenia.ResultsHeritability estimates from sibling data varied from 0.30 for Major Depression to 0.80 for ADHD. The estimates based on the measured genotypes were lower, ranging from 0.10 for AD to 0.28 for OCD, but were significant, and correlated positively (0.19) with national sibling-based estimates. When removing OCD from the data the correlation increased to 0.50.ConclusionsGiven the unique character of each study design, the convergent findings for these eight psychiatric conditions suggest that heritability estimates are robust across different methods. The findings also highlight large differences in genetic and environmental influences between psychiatric disorders, providing future directions for etiological psychiatric research.

The Co-Occurrence of Mania with Medical and other Psychiatric Disorders

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Strakowski ◽  
Susan L. McElroy ◽  
Paul W. Keck ◽  
Scott A. West
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Medical Disorders ◽  
Current State ◽  
Secondary Mania

Objective: The co-occurrence of mania with other medical and psychiatric disorders has been little studied. The authors reviewed the literature in order to clarify the current state of knowledge of this subject and to identify possible areas of future research. Methods: Published articles which specifically addressed associations of mania with medical disorders and other psychiatric syndromes were identified using the Paperchase® medical literature search system and by cross-referencing from other published work. The articles were then organized into three categories: 1) medical disorders associated with secondary mania; 2) medical comorbidity in bipolar disorder; and 3) psychiatric comorbidity in bipolar disorder. Results: The review of medical illness and secondary mania supports the hypothesis that injuries involving right-side and mid-line brain structures are associated with so-called secondary mania. Additionally, an association between bipolar disorder and migraine is identified. Several psychiatric disorders appear to occur with mania at rates higher than expected including obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, impulse control disorders, and substance abuse. Conclusions: The authors discuss the potential implications of these findings and suggest research approaches to further examine the relationships between mania and other medical and psychiatric syndromes.

Psychiatric disorders in youth suicide and suicide attempters

2021 ◽  
pp. 573-586
Author(s):  
Mira Levis Frenk ◽  
Cendrine Bursztein ◽  
Alan Apter
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Adolescent Suicide ◽  
Young Person ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Suicide Behaviour ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions

This chapter reviews common psychiatric disorders and conditions which appear to be major risk factors for all types of suicidality, both non-fatal and fatal, among children and adolescents. Psychiatric illness remains the most well-defined risk factor for adolescent suicide and suicidality should be assessed in every young person suffering from a serious mental illness. These psychiatric conditions include personality disorders, conduct disorder, affective disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and eating disorders. Each psychiatric condition is described and discussed in terms of its unique features that are associated with suicidal behaviours and its risk for suicide behaviour.

Familial coaggregation of major psychiatric disorders among first-degree relatives of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a nationwide study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mao-Hsuan Huang ◽  
Chih-Ming Cheng ◽  
Shih-Jen Tsai ◽  
Ya-Mei Bai ◽  
Cheng-Ta Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Background Whether the first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have an increased risk of the major psychiatric disorders, namely schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, OCD, major depressive disorder (MDD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), remains unclear. Methods Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database with the whole population sample size (n = 23 258 175), 89 500 FDRs, including parents, offspring, siblings, and twins, of patients with OCD were identified in our study. The relative risks (RRs) of major psychiatric disorders were assessed among FDRs of patients with OCD. Results FDRs of patients with OCD had higher RRs of major psychiatric disorders, namely OCD (RR 8.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.68–8.57), bipolar disorder (RR 2.85, 95% CI 2.68–3.04), MDD (RR 2.67, 95% CI 2.58–2.76), ASD (RR 2.38, 95% CI 2.10–2.71), ADHD (RR 2.19, 95% CI 2.07–2.32), and schizophrenia (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.86–2.09), compared with the total population. Different familial kinships of FDRs, such as parents, offspring, siblings, and twins consistently had increased risks for these disorders. In addition, a dose-dependent relationship was found between the numbers of OCD probands and the risk of each major psychiatric disorder. Conclusions The FDRs, including parents, offspring, siblings, and twins, of patients with OCD have a higher risk of OCD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, MDD, ADHD, and ASD. The familial co-aggregation of OCD with OCD and other major psychiatric disorders was existent in a dose-dependent manner. Given the increased risks of psychiatric disorders, medical practitioners should closely monitor the mental health of the FDRs of patients with OCD.

EMDR as therapy for conditions other than PTSD: a systematic review.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Scelles ◽  
LUIS CARLO BULNES
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Adult Personality ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Research Criteria ◽  
Positive Effect

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a treatment for post-traumatic stressdisorder (PTSD). The technique is known to stimulate the capacity to reprocess maladaptive memoriesthat are thought to be central to this pathology. Here we investigate if EMDR therapy can be used in otherconditions than PTSD. We conducted a systematic literature search on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. Wesearched for published empirical findings on EMDR, excluding those centred on trauma and PTSD,published up to 2020. The results were classified by psychiatric categories.   Ninety articles met our research criteria. A positive effect was reported in addictions, somatoformdisorders, sexual dysfunction, eating disorder, disorders of adult personality, mood disorders, reaction tosevere stress, anxiety disorders, performance anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), pain,neurodegenerative disorders, paedopsychiatry and sleep. The evidence was more consistent in pain, OCD,mood disorders, and reaction to severe stress.EMDR’s efficiency across numerous pathological situations, highlighted the central role of affectivememory in several psychiatric and non-psychiatric conditions. Furthermore, EMDR seems to besuccessful in usually uncooperative (e.g. Dementia) or unproductive cases (e.g. aphasia). Moreover, insome severe medical situations were psychologic distress was an obstacle, EMDR allowed thecontinuation of treatment-as-usual. Our review suggests that it is a safe and economical therapeuticoption, and its effect in non-pathological situations opens new avenues for translational research. Overallmore methodologically rigorous studies are needed.

The Orbitofrontal Cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund T. Rolls
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Undergraduate Level ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

The book will be valuable for those in the fields of neuroscience, neurology, psychology, psychiatry, biology, animal behaviour, economics, and philosophy, from the undergraduate level upwards. The book is unique in providing a coherent multidisciplinary approach to understanding the functions of one of the most interesting regions of the human brain, in both health and in disease, including depression, bipolar disorder, autism, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. There is no competing book published in the last 10 years.

Sex Differences in Anxiety Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 404-432
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Piggott ◽  
Alexandra N. Duran ◽  
Isha Jalnapurkar ◽  
Tyler Kimm ◽  
Stephanie Linscheid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Psychosocial Influences ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Women are more likely than men to meet lifetime criteria for an anxiety disorder. Moreover, anxiety is a risk factor for the development of other psychiatric conditions, including major depression. Numerous studies have identified evidence of sex differences in anxiety disorders, and there is considerable research concerning factors that may contribute to vulnerability for anxiety in females. In addition to psychosocial influences, biological components such as the female reproductive hormone cycle have also been implicated. Although psychotropic medication is more likely to be prescribed to women, there is little controlled data available concerning sex differences in the efficacy and/or tolerability of pharmacotherapy in anxiety disorders. This chapter provides an overview of the impact of gender in the epidemiology, phenomenology, course, and treatment response in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder (PD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

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