Hematologic and Oncologic Emergencies

2019 ◽  
pp. 170-177
Author(s):  
James McCue
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
Oncologic Emergencies ◽  
First Response ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Life Threatening

Hematologic and oncologic emergencies are an uncommon reason for people to present to the emergency department (ED), but when they do, it is important to know how to diagnose and treat these conditions because many of them are life threatening. Whether it is bleeding due to conditions such as hemophilia, von Willebrand’s disease, warfarin use, or dangerous conditions related to cancer such as tumor lysis syndrome or neutropenic fever, knowing the basics will help you manage these patients and also ace the standardized tests. This chapter presents questions related to the diagnosis, clinical effects, best first response in the ED, and most appropriate treatment of a wide range of these hematologic and oncologic emergencies.

Environmental Emergencies

2019 ◽  
pp. 136-147
Author(s):  
Michael A. Darracq
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Know How ◽  
First Response ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Extremes Of Temperature

Although environmental emergencies are not the most common presentations to the emergency department (ED), as humans continue to explore more remote areas of the planet and as large populations encounter environmental change at increasing rates, it is important for emergency clinicians to know how to manage these conditions. From extremes of temperature, to extremes of pressure, to drownings and lightning strikes, to a myriad of possible envenomations, environmental emergencies are interesting and diverse. This chapter presents questions related to the diagnosis, clinical effects, best first response in the ED, and most appropriate treatment of a wide range of these environmental emergencies.

Procedures and Skills

2019 ◽  
pp. 402-433
Author(s):  
Janak Acharya ◽  
Rimon Bengiamin ◽  
Nicholas Gastelum ◽  
Xian Li ◽  
Fernando Macias
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Cesarean Delivery ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Abscess Drainage ◽  
First Response ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Wide Range

Emergency medicine providers are expected to have the knowledge to be able to perform a wide range of procedures from simple wound repairs and abscess drainage to life-saving procedures such as transvenous pacing and perimortem cesarean delivery. Important to all of these procedures is an understanding of when they should be performed, potential complications, absolute and relative contraindications, and how to interpret results that are obtained as a result of the performed procedure. This chapter presents questions related to the diagnosis, clinical effects, best first response in the ED, and most appropriate treatment of a wide range of emergencies, focusing on the procedures and skills necessary to achieve the best outcomes for patients.

Thoracic and Respiratory Emergencies

2019 ◽  
pp. 304-339
Author(s):  
Nelson Diamond ◽  
Janelle Lee ◽  
Vaishal Tolia ◽  
Megan Tresenriter
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Outpatient Management ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Common ◽  
Respiratory Emergencies ◽  
Needle Decompression

Thoracic and respiratory disorders cover many of the common respiratory and thoracic complaints and pathology that bring both pediatric and adult patients to the emergency department (ED). The etiologies can range from infectious to traumatic to malignancy. It is important to be able to recognize patients who need admission to the hospital and those who can be sent home for outpatient management. Interventions like needle decompression and intubation may need to be done emergently on some patients. This chapter presents questions related to the diagnosis, clinical effects, best response in the ED, and most appropriate treatment of a wide range of these thoracic and respiratory emergencies.

Systemic Infectious Diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 189-211
Author(s):  
Leah Bauer ◽  
Carolyn Chooljian ◽  
Whitney Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Patient’S History

Generalized complaints such as fever, chills, malaise, and body aches are common presentations to the emergency department (ED). Some of these are due to viral infections, and some are due to systemic bacterial infections. Clues to the specific infection can be found in the geographic location of the patient or the patient’s exposure to wildlife (e.g., ticks) and animals. The patient’s history and the timing of the illness play an important part in helping to identify the possible source or cause of the infection. This chapter presents questions related to the diagnosis, clinical effects, and most appropriate treatment of a wide range of these systemic infectious disease emergencies.

Nervous System Emergencies

2019 ◽  
pp. 231-257
Author(s):  
Amy Briggs ◽  
Brandon Chalfin
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Altered Mental Status ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Outpatient Management ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Wide Range

Nervous system emergencies can present in a myriad of ways to the emergency department (ED). They affect children and adults alike. Common neurologic presentations include altered mental status, seizures, stroke, weakness, and headache. It is the emergency medicine physician’s duty, both in the ED and in test-taking situations, to pick up on clues in the presentation that help to ascertain which of these are a medical emergency requiring advanced imaging, expert consultation, and treatment and which require reassurance and outpatient management. This chapter presents questions related to the diagnosis, clinical effects, and most appropriate treatment of a wide range of these neurologic emergencies.

Pediatric Hematologic And Oncologic Emergencies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Milligan ◽  
Jenny Mendelson
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Immune Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Von Willebrand Disease ◽  
Emergency Physicians ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
Oncologic Emergencies ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Von Willebrand

Hematologic and oncologic emergencies that afflict children and adolescents are important for emergency medicine physicians to recognize. Pediatric patients can present with a previous formal diagnosis and have a complication related to their disease or with new symptoms that suggest a hematologic or oncologic process. Oncologic treatments can also lead to life-threatening complications. Recognizing these emergencies is very important for emergency physicians to prevent further morbidity. This review covers common patient presentations, diagnosis, and treatments for hematologic and oncologic emergencies.  This review contains 6 figures, 7 tables and 48 references Key words: hematology, hemophilia, immune thrombocytopenia, neutropenic fever, oncology, pediatric, sickle cell anemia, tumor lysis syndrome, von Willebrand disease

Toxicologic Emergencies

2019 ◽  
pp. 340-359
Author(s):  
Michael A. Darracq ◽  
Danielle Holtz
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Environmental Exposures ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Recreational Drugs ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Standardized Exams

Toxicologic emergencies are common presentations to the emergency department (ED), and knowledge of the appropriate management of these situations, including available antidotes, is critical to the practice of emergency medicine. Most toxicologic emergencies are due to intentional overdoses or use of recreational drugs, but they can also be due to work or environmental exposures or, more frightening, to acts of terrorism or war. These potential terrorism agents are usually asked about on standardized exams. This chapter presents questions related to the diagnosis, clinical effects, and most appropriate treatment of a wide range of these toxicologic emergencies.

Pediatric Hematologic And Oncologic Emergencies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Milligan ◽  
Jenny Mendelson
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Immune Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Von Willebrand Disease ◽  
Emergency Physicians ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
Oncologic Emergencies ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Von Willebrand

Hematologic and oncologic emergencies that afflict children and adolescents are important for emergency medicine physicians to recognize. Pediatric patients can present with a previous formal diagnosis and have a complication related to their disease or with new symptoms that suggest a hematologic or oncologic process. Oncologic treatments can also lead to life-threatening complications. Recognizing these emergencies is very important for emergency physicians to prevent further morbidity. This review covers common patient presentations, diagnosis, and treatments for hematologic and oncologic emergencies.  This review contains 6 figures, 7 tables and 48 references Key words: hematology, hemophilia, immune thrombocytopenia, neutropenic fever, oncology, pediatric, sickle cell anemia, tumor lysis syndrome, von Willebrand disease

scholarly journals The Domino Effect-Treatment of Superior Vena Cava Obstruction Triggering Tumor Lysis Syndrome: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Suman Ghosh ◽  
Tilak TVSVGK ◽  
Venkatesan Somasundaram ◽  
Mutreja Deepti
Keyword(s):  
Superior Vena Cava ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
Life Threatening

Oncological emergencies present in a multitude of manners-structural, metabolic, hematologic, etc. affecting multiple systems, often. Urgent institution of therapy is often required for a successful outcome. Occasionally, the treatment of one emergency can initiate a related or unrelated emergency, necessitating management of all the complications simultaneously. Superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO) is a medical emergency and most often manifests in patients with a malignant disease process requiring immediate diagnostic evaluation and therapy due to its’ life threatening presentation. The management of the SVCO is usually with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or intervention. In cases of large tumor burden, management of SVCO can trigger other complications. Tumor lysis syndrome is an oncologic emergency, which is characterized by a massive release of intracellular potassium, phosphate, and nucleic acid metabolites into the systemic circulation, which can be life-threatening. We present the case of a T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with superior vena cava syndrome, developing tumor lysis syndrome on instituting definitive chemotherapy in a young patient. Doi: 10.28991/SciMedJ-2021-0301-6 Full Text: PDF

Oncologic Emergencies

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regan Demshar ◽  
Rachel Vanek ◽  
Polly Mazanec
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Hemodynamic Instability ◽  
Cord Compression ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Oncologic Emergencies ◽  
Life Threatening

The picture of oncologic emergencies in the intensive care unit has changed over the past decade. The classic emergencies, that is, superior vena cava syndrome, spinal cord compression, tumor lysis syndrome and life-threatening hypercalcemia, are now routinely managed on the general oncology unit or in an outpatient setting. Vigilant monitoring for early signs of complications, proactive interventions to prevent complications, and aggressive management account for this change. Currently, emergent conditions that necessitate intensive care unit admission or transfer in the patient with cancer include respiratory failure, cardiac emergencies, hemorrhagic events and coagulopathies, sepsis, and hemodynamic instability. This article will present the current evidence-based management of these conditions, a brief summary of classic oncologic emergencies, and the role of the critical care nurse in meeting the multidimensional needs of the patient and family during the life-threatening episode, based on Ferrell’s quality of life model.

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