The Mouse in the Room

Principles of Animal Research Ethics ◽

10.1093/med/9780190939120.003.0005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 79-98

Author(s):

Joseph P. Garner

Keyword(s):

Regulatory System ◽

Animal Research ◽

Ethical Principles ◽

Case Examples ◽

Ethical Thinking ◽

Research Scientists ◽

Regulatory Problems

Animal research scientists often dismiss ethical thinking as a waste of time either because it seems indeterminate or because there appears to be a yawning gap between regulations, which they must follow, and ethical treatment of animals. By outlining a framework of clearly articulated ethical principles, Beauchamp and DeGrazia provide an invaluable bridge. They examine our current regulatory system through the lens of their framework, exposing both its strengths and weaknesses. The first half of this commentary argues for the value of this exercise. The second half provides case examples where applying these ethical principles empowers us to change how we approach current regulatory problems.

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32. Conducting criminological research

10.1093/he/9780198835837.003.0032 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 959-999

Author(s):

Steve Case ◽

Phil Johnson ◽

David Manlow ◽

Roger Smith ◽

Kate Williams

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Critical Thinking ◽

Research Methodology ◽

Ethical Principles ◽

Research Experience ◽

Continuing Higher Education ◽

Academic Reading ◽

Criminological Research ◽

Ethical Thinking ◽

Conducting Research

This chapter focuses on the process of conducting criminological research. Regardless of the size of the research, the same key principles and elements apply. The chapter begins by looking at how to choose a research or dissertation topic and how to conduct the necessary academic reading in this area and decide on an appropriate research methodology for that topic. It then considers how the project can be effectively planned and organised, and provides some advice on writing up the research and demonstrating critical thinking. Finally, the chapter identifies the fundamental ethical principles for conducting research: encouraging engagement with ethical thinking that goes further than a tick on a box of a dissertation proposal. These steps will develop the research experience and skills necessary for the ‘next step’ of continuing higher education or progressing into employment.

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Ethical issues of evaluation practice within the brazilian political context

Ensaio Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação ◽

10.1590/s0104-40362005000100007 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 13 (46) ◽

pp. 105-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Carlos Alberto Serpa ◽

Thereza Penna Firme ◽

Ana Carolina Letichevsky

Keyword(s):

Ethical Issues ◽

Evaluation Process ◽

Political Context ◽

Professional Association ◽

Ethical Principles ◽

Case Examples ◽

Evaluation Practice ◽

The Face ◽

Principles And Standards

This paper analyzes a conflict frequently encountered by an evaluation professional working in the Brazilian context and its implications to the evaluation process. The challenge is to follow ethical principles that guide a true evaluation, and yet untangle the interaction of all the actors within a complex political context, where: (a) the recognition and regulation of the evaluation profession leaves much to be desired; (b) a strong professional association of evaluators is yet to be formed, and (c) we have little empirical guidance that can enlighten the actors in the evaluation process. The conflict for the evaluator is in implementing the principles and standards that guide the formal preparation of an evaluation professional, in the face of limited autonomy of decisions regarding the use of results and recommendations. We illustrate this conflict by describing three case examples of evaluations by the Cesgranrio Foundation that focused social, educational and corporate programs.

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A Belmont Report for Animals?

Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics ◽

10.1017/s0963180119000732 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 19-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

HOPE FERDOWSIAN ◽

L. SYD M JOHNSON ◽

JANE JOHNSON ◽

ANDREW FENTON ◽

ADAM SHRIVER ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethical Issues ◽

Human Subjects ◽

The United States ◽

Animal Research ◽

Ethical Principles ◽

Belmont Report ◽

National Commission ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Human Research ◽

Respect For Autonomy

Abstract:Human and animal research both operate within established standards. In the United States, criticism of the human research environment and recorded abuses of human research subjects served as the impetus for the establishment of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, and the resulting Belmont Report. The Belmont Report established key ethical principles to which human research should adhere: respect for autonomy, obligations to beneficence and justice, and special protections for vulnerable individuals and populations. While current guidelines appropriately aim to protect the individual interests of human participants in research, no similar, comprehensive, and principled effort has addressed the use of (nonhuman) animals in research. Although published policies regarding animal research provide relevant regulatory guidance, the lack of a fundamental effort to explore the ethical issues and principles that should guide decisions about the potential use of animals in research has led to unclear and disparate policies. Here, we explore how the ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report could be applied consistently to animals. We describe how concepts such as respect for autonomy and obligations to beneficence and justice could be applied to animals, as well as how animals are entitled to special protections as a result of their vulnerability.

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The Application of Laboratory Formulas to Clinical Voice Management

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/1058-0360.0402.62 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 62-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Katherine Verdolini ◽

Ingo R. Titze

Keyword(s):

Fundamental Frequency ◽

Voice Disorders ◽

Clinical Interventions ◽

Case Examples ◽

Interactive Nature ◽

Mathematical Formulas

In this paper, we discuss the application of mathematical formulas to guide the development of clinical interventions in voice disorders. Discussion of case examples includes fundamental frequency and intensity deviations, pitch and loudness abnormalities, laryngeal hyperand hypoadduction, and phonatory effort. The paper illustrates the interactive nature of theoretical and applied work in vocology

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Understanding Limited Use of Amplification in Infants and Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

Perspectives on Hearing and Hearing Disorders in Childhood ◽

10.1044/hhdc25.1.15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 15-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ryan W. McCreery ◽

Elizabeth A. Walker ◽

Meredith Spratford

Keyword(s):

Hard Of Hearing ◽

Hearing Aid ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Needs ◽

Case Examples ◽

Hearing Aid Use ◽

Wide Range ◽

In Infants And Children

The effectiveness of amplification for infants and children can be mediated by how much the child uses the device. Existing research suggests that establishing hearing aid use can be challenging. A wide range of factors can influence hearing aid use in children, including the child's age, degree of hearing loss, and socioeconomic status. Audiological interventions, including using validated prescriptive approaches and verification, performing on-going training and orientation, and communicating with caregivers about hearing aid use can also increase hearing aid use by infants and children. Case examples are used to highlight the factors that influence hearing aid use. Potential management strategies and future research needs are also discussed.

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Evaluation of the vestibular system in experimental animal research: morphology and electrophysiology

Clinical Otolaryngology ◽

10.1046/j.1365-2273.2000.00358-22.x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 328-328

Author(s):

M.L.Y.M. Oei ◽

J.M. Segenhout ◽

F. Dijk ◽

H.P. Wit ◽

F.W.J. Albers

Keyword(s):

Experimental Animal ◽

Vestibular System ◽

Animal Research

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Animal Ethics in Animal Research

10.1017/9781108354882 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Helena Rocklinsberg ◽

Mickey Gjerris ◽

Anna Olsson

Keyword(s):

Animal Ethics ◽

Animal Research

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Self-Injurious Behavior vs. Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000127 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 106-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christopher M. Bloom ◽

Shareen Holly ◽

Adam M. P. Miller

Keyword(s):

Positive Reinforcement ◽

Empirical Investigation ◽

High Stress ◽

Animal Research ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Human Populations ◽

Pharmacological Interventions ◽

Self Injury ◽

Cns Stimulant ◽

Nonsuicidal Self Injury

Background: Historically, the field of self-injury has distinguished between the behaviors exhibited among individuals with a developmental disability (self-injurious behaviors; SIB) and those present within a normative population (nonsuicidal self-injury; NSSI),which typically result as a response to perceived stress. More recently, however, conclusions about NSSI have been drawn from lines of animal research aimed at examining the neurobiological mechanisms of SIB. Despite some functional similarity between SIB and NSSI, no empirical investigation has provided precedent for the application of SIB-targeted animal research as justification for pharmacological interventions in populations demonstrating NSSI. Aims: The present study examined this question directly, by simulating an animal model of SIB in rodents injected with pemoline and systematically manipulating stress conditions in order to monitor rates of self-injury. Methods: Sham controls and experimental animals injected with pemoline (200 mg/kg) were assigned to either a low stress (discriminated positive reinforcement) or high stress (discriminated avoidance) group and compared on the dependent measures of self-inflicted injury prevalence and severity. Results: The manipulation of stress conditions did not impact the rate of self-injury demonstrated by the rats. The results do not support a model of stress-induced SIB in rodents. Conclusions: Current findings provide evidence for caution in the development of pharmacotherapies of NSSI in human populations based on CNS stimulant models. Theoretical implications are discussed with respect to antecedent factors such as preinjury arousal level and environmental stress.

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