Health Surveys

2021 ◽  
pp. 102-120
Author(s):  
J Patrick Vaughan ◽  
Cesar Victora ◽  
A Mushtaque R Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Health Surveys ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Longitudinal Surveys ◽  
Use Of Services

Surveys are used to collect data on the population distribution and frequency of health behaviours and use of services, health risks and diseases, as well as for the monitoring the implementation of health interventions, services, and programmes. Cross-sectional surveys collect prevalence data and longitudinal surveys collect mainly incidence information. Surveys can provide more accurate data than is available from local health information or surveillance systems. Survey methods are explained, such as on objectives, choice of variables, and sampling. Before undertaking surveys, local teams are advised to seek specialist advice and support.

scholarly journals The U.S. COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey, 2020-2021: Continuous real-time measurement of COVID-19 symptoms, risks, protective behaviors, testing and vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A Salomon ◽  
Alex Reinhart ◽  
Alyssa Bilinski ◽  
Eu Jing Chua ◽  
Wichida La Motte-Kerr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Public Health Reporting ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey (CTIS) is a large, cross-sectional, Internet-based survey that has operated continuously since April 6, 2020. By inviting a random sample of Facebook active users each day, CTIS collects information about COVID-19 symptoms, risks, mitigating behaviors, mental health, testing, vaccination, and other key priorities. The large scale of the survey -- over 20 million responses in its first year of operation -- allows tracking of trends over short timescales and allows comparisons at fine demographic and geographic detail. The survey has been repeatedly revised to respond to emerging public health priorities. In this paper, we describe the survey methods and content and give examples of CTIS results that illuminate key patterns and trends and help answer high-priority policy questions relevant to the COVID-19 epidemic and response. These results demonstrate how large online surveys can provide continuous, real-time indicators of important outcomes that are not subject to public health reporting delays and backlogs. The CTIS offers high value as a supplement to official reporting data by supplying essential information about behaviors, attitudes toward policy and preventive measures, economic impacts, and other topics not reported in public health surveillance systems.

scholarly journals The US COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey: Continuous real-time measurement of COVID-19 symptoms, risks, protective behaviors, testing, and vaccination

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (51) ◽  
pp. e2111454118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Salomon ◽  
Alex Reinhart ◽  
Alyssa Bilinski ◽  
Eu Jing Chua ◽  
Wichada La Motte-Kerr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Public Health Reporting ◽  
The Us

The US COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey (CTIS) is a large, cross-sectional, internet-based survey that has operated continuously since April 6, 2020. By inviting a random sample of Facebook active users each day, CTIS collects information about COVID-19 symptoms, risks, mitigating behaviors, mental health, testing, vaccination, and other key priorities. The large scale of the survey—over 20 million responses in its first year of operation—allows tracking of trends over short timescales and allows comparisons at fine demographic and geographic detail. The survey has been repeatedly revised to respond to emerging public health priorities. In this paper, we describe the survey methods and content and give examples of CTIS results that illuminate key patterns and trends and help answer high-priority policy questions relevant to the COVID-19 epidemic and response. These results demonstrate how large online surveys can provide continuous, real-time indicators of important outcomes that are not subject to public health reporting delays and backlogs. The CTIS offers high value as a supplement to official reporting data by supplying essential information about behaviors, attitudes toward policy and preventive measures, economic impacts, and other topics not reported in public health surveillance systems.

The Hong Kong Healthy Schools Award Scheme, school health and student health: An exploratory study

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 857-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Lee ◽  
Lawrence H St Leger ◽  
Kelvin WK Ling ◽  
Vera MW Keung ◽  
Amelia SC Lo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
School Health ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Student Health ◽  
Health Profile ◽  
School Health Promotion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthy Schools ◽  
Award Scheme

Objective: The Hong Kong Healthy Schools Award Scheme (HKHSA) developed an assessment and monitoring system to examine the status of Health Promoting Schools (HPS). This study made use of the HKHSA programme to investigate the school health ‘profile’ and student health status of four gold award schools following 3–4 years’ participation in the scheme. Design: Repeated cross-sectional student health surveys of the same year level (Secondary 3) were conducted over different time periods, and achievement of HKHSA was assessed by repeated assessments of the school health profile using HPS indicators. Setting: This study included four schools with the Healthy School gold award in Hong Kong, together with students from three of the four schools. Methods: School performance in the six HPS key areas were analysed using radial plot graphs, and students’ health behaviours were measured by means of repeated cross-sectional student health surveys. Results: The four gold award schools demonstrated various degrees of achievement in different HPS key areas with student health behaviours markedly improving in these schools. Further analyses revealed how certain HPS key area components were associated with sustained positive health behaviours among students. Conclusion: The ongoing implementation of HPS impacts on schools’ environment and students’ health behaviours. The HKHSA is designed for formative and summative assessment of school health promotion. Findings provide insight into an HPS assessment process, signalling future directions for the development of school health promotion.

scholarly journals P156 Global sleep health surveillance of adults: A scoping review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A72-A72
Author(s):  
J Way ◽  
P Cistulli ◽  
Y Bin
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Sleep Health ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Introduction The monitoring of sleep health is an emerging but globally under-recognised public health opportunity to help address poor health and social outcomes in the general population. This scoping review aims to identify the existing national surveillance systems monitoring sleep health and to describe the sleep indicators used in the questionnaires. Methods We systematically searched the grey and peer-reviewed literature for cross-sectional national health surveys that included measurement of the sleep of adults aged 18+. Countries screened were the 194 Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO). Searches included 1) targeted searches of the websites of national and international health agencies and statistics departments, 2) customised internet search, and 3) search of electronic databases (PubMed and EMBASE). Progress to date Searches of targeted websites and the internet have been completed. Preliminary analysis shows that 49 (25%) countries have national surveys that include at least one sleep health-related question. Breakdown by the WHO defined regions reveal the European Region (45%) with the highest sleep health surveillance and the African Region (6%) with the lowest. An electronic database search is currently being conducted. Intended outcome and impact This scoping review will provide an overview of the current status of global sleep health surveillance including how sleep is measured in population health surveys. The results will raise awareness about the need to monitor sleep at a national level to improve health and social outcomes.

scholarly journals Chronic kidney disease in adults aged 18 years and older in Chile: findings from the cross-sectional Chilean National Health Surveys 2009–2010 and 2016–2017

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e037720
Author(s):  
Magdalena Walbaum ◽  
Shaun Scholes ◽  
Elena Pizzo ◽  
Melanie Paccot ◽  
Jennifer S Mindell
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reduced Kidney Function

ObjectivesThis study estimates the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among Chilean adults and examines its associations with sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviours and comorbidities.DesignAnalysis of cross-sectional data from the two most recent large nationally representative Chilean Health Surveys (Encuesta Nacional de Salud, ENS) 2009–2010 and 2016–2017.ParticipantsAdults aged 18+ years with serum creatine data (ENS 2009–2010: n=4583; ENS 2016–2017: n=5084).Primary and secondary outcome measuresReduced kidney function (CKD stages 3a–5) based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) was the primary outcome measure. Using the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR ≥30 mg/g), increased albuminuria was ascertained among adults aged 40+ years with diabetes and/or hypertension. Both outcomes were analysed using logistic regression with results summarised using OR. CKD prevalence (stages 1–5) among adults aged 40+ years was estimated including participants with an eGFR of >60 mL/min/1.73 m2 but with increased albuminuria (stages 1–2).ResultsOverall, 3.2% (95% CI: 2.4% to 3.8%) of adults aged 18+ in ENS 2016–2017 had reduced kidney function. After full adjustment, participants with hypertension (OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.19 to 4.74) and those with diabetes (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.03 to 2.66) had significantly higher odds of reduced kidney function. In ENS 2016–2017, 15.5% (13.5% to 17.8%) of adults aged 40+ years with diabetes and/or hypertension had increased albuminuria. Being obese versus normal-weight (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.08 to 2.54) and having both diabetes and hypertension versus having diabetes alone (OR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.34 to 3.95) were significantly associated with higher odds of increased albuminuria in fully-adjusted analyses. At least 15.4% of adults aged 40+ years in ENS 2016–2017 had CKD (stages 1–5), including the 9.6% of adults at CKD stages 1–2.ConclusionsPrevention strategies and Chilean guidelines should consider the high percentage of adults aged 40 years and older at CKD stages 1–2.

scholarly journals Viral loads observed under competing strain dynamics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A Hay ◽  
Lee Kennedy-Shaffer ◽  
Michael J Mina
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Viral Kinetics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Epidemic Dynamics ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Plausible Mechanism

A plausible mechanism for the increased transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) results from VOC infections causing higher viral loads in infected hosts. However, investigating this hypothesis using routine RT-qPCR testing data is challenging because the population-distribution of viral loads changes depending on the epidemic growth rate; lower cycle threshold (Ct) values for a VOC lineage may simply reflect increasing incidence relative to preexisting lineages. To understand the extent to which viral loads observed under routine surveillance systems reflect viral kinetics or population dynamics, we used a mathematical model of competing strain dynamics and simulated Ct values for variants with different viral kinetics. We found that comparisons of Ct values obtained under random cross-sectional surveillance were highly biased unless samples were obtained at times when the variants had comparable growth rates. Conversely, comparing Ct values from symptom-based testing was largely unaffected by epidemic dynamics, and accounting for the time between symptom onset and sample collection date further reduced the risk of statistical errors. Finally, we show how a single cross-sectional sample of Ct values can be used to jointly estimate differences in viral kinetics and epidemic growth rates between variants. Epidemic dynamics should be accounted for when investigating strain-specific viral kinetics using virologic surveillance data, and findings should be corroborated with longitudinal viral kinetics studies.

Awareness of symptomatic differences Covid-19, SARS, Swine Flu, Common cold among dental students

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1026-1033
Author(s):  
Nivedha Valliammai Mahalingam ◽  
Abilasha R ◽  
Kavitha S
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

Enormous successes have been obtained against the control of major epidemic diseases, such as SARS, MERS, Ebola, Swine Flu in the past. Dynamic interplay of biological, socio-cultural and ecological factors, together with novel aspects of human-animal interphase, pose additional challenges with respect to the emergence of infectious diseases. The important challenges faced in the control and prevention of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases range from understanding the impact of factors that are necessary for the emergence, to development of strengthened surveillance systems that can mitigate human suffering and death. The aim of the current study is to assess the awareness of symptomatic differences between viral diseases like COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu and common cold among dental students that support the prevention of emergence or re-emergence. Cross-sectional type of study conducted among the undergraduate students comprising 100 Subjects. A questionnaire comprising 15 questions in total were framed, and responses were collected in Google forms in SPSS Software statistical analysis. The study has concluded that dental students have an awareness of the symptomatic differences between infectious viral disease. The study concluded that the awareness of symptomatic differences between viral diseases like COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu, Common cold is good among the dental students who would pave the way for early diagnosis and avoid spreading of such diseases. A further awareness can be created by regular webinars, seminars and brainstorming sessions among these healthcare professionals.

scholarly journals Individual differences and changes in lifestyle behaviours predict decreased subjective well-being during COVID-19 restrictions in an Australian sample

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Brindal ◽  
Jillian C Ryan ◽  
Naomi Kakoschke ◽  
Sinead Golley ◽  
Ian T Zajac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Australian Sample

Abstract Background Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, social distancing practices were introduced to curb infection rates in many countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of these restrictions on behaviours and well-being and whether individual differences predict changes in well-being. Methods Australian adults participated in a cross-sectional, online survey during May 2020. The survey captured demographic information; health behaviours; personality traits; life satisfaction and COVID-19-related attitudes, financial concerns, perceived risks and impacts. Results In total, 3745 (86.8% of 4313) participants completed all items. Participants were mostly female (85.7%) and 56.4 years (standard deviation [SD] = 12.6) on average. Over 95.0% of the sample indicated they had been social distancing or isolating. Health behaviours and well-being had generally worsened, with social connections being the most negatively affected. Life satisfaction was significantly lower since restrictions. For changes in life satisfaction, extroversion was a risk factor and openness to experience was a protective factor. Conclusions Overall, well-being was negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and associated social distancing particularly in this sample containing mainly older women. In future, it will be crucial to understand why and who may be differentially affected, to encourage behaviours that are protective of well-being.

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