Measles

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Baxter ◽  
Gill Marsh ◽  
Sam Ghebrehewet
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
High Risk Area ◽  
The Public

This chapter describes a case of measles in a school child who contracted measles following travel to a high-risk area. The case resulted in a measles outbreak in the school and further cases in the community. Background information on the epidemiology and clinical features of measles and the public health response to a single case, an outbreak of measles in a school, and measles exposure in a healthcare setting are discussed. Case definitions risk assessment, identification of close contacts including priority groups and the required public health actions including post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with Human Normal Immunoglobulin (HNIG) and/or MMR vaccine, are described in detail. ‘Top tips’ are given to provide practical tips for the reader to think through the public health management of the case study, and ‘tools of the trade’ list the laboratory and epidemiological components of the investigation. Finally, the chapter encourages exploration of other potential scenarios, including the possibility of measles transmission in a nursery.

Tuberculosis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musarrat Afza ◽  
Marko Petrovic ◽  
Sam Ghebrehewet
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

This chapter covers two case studies and scenarios: a case of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in a college student; and a case of laboratory-confirmed Mycobacterium bovis in an adult with inflammatory bowel disease. The pulmonary TB case resulted in a wider investigation and contact tracing as the case attended college while symptomatic. The Mycobacterium bovis resulted in wider workplace and hospital contact tracing through convening an Incident Control Team. Background information on the epidemiology and clinical features of TB and the public health response to TB in educational, healthcare, and occupational settings are discussed. Case definitions, and a detailed risk assessment, with clear description of close contacts, priority groups, and the required public health actions, are described. ‘Top tips’ are given, to provide practical tips for the reader to think through the public health management of TB, and ‘tools of the trade’ list the laboratory and epidemiological components of the investigation.

Hepatitis B

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Huyton ◽  
Sam Ghebrehewet ◽  
David Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Detailed Interpretation ◽  
And Control

This chapter describes an acute hepatitis B case and scenario involving a paramedic with a pregnant woman as close sexual contact and potential risk of transmission to the unborn baby. Background information on the epidemiology of Hepatitis B, markers of hepatitis B infection (both acute and chronic), and the risk factors for transmission are discussed. There are clear case definitions of acute, chronic, and those susceptible and at high risk for hepatitis B plus detailed interpretation of hepatitis B markers. ‘Top tips’ are given to assist the relevant clinicians or public health/health protection practitioner/specialist to take timely and appropriate action. The laboratory, epidemiological, and infection prevention and control components of the investigation are listed. The importance of confidentiality and communication with the affected individual and close contacts is emphasized. Other possible scenarios, including the public health response to a cluster/outbreak are considered.

scholarly journals Effect of COVID-19 on childhood Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Chengdu, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Yijie Huang ◽  
Tao Ai ◽  
Jun Luo ◽  
Hanmin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Western China ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Response ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a change in the incidence and transmission of respiratory pathogens was observed. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiologic characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among children in Chengdu, one of the largest cities of western China. Method M. pneumoniae infection was diagnosed in 33,345 pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms at the Chengdu Women’s & Children’s Central Hospital between January 2017 and December 2020, based on a serum antibody titer of ≥1:160 measured by the passive agglutination assay. Differences in infection rates were examined by sex, age, and temporal distribution. Results Two epidemic outbreaks occurred between October-December 2017 and April-December 2019, and two infection peaks were detected in the second and fourth quarters of 2017, 2018, and 2019. Due to the public health response to COVID-19, the number of positive M. pneumoniae cases significantly decreased in the second quarter of 2020. The number of M. pneumoniae infection among children aged 3–6 years was higher than that in other age groups. Conclusions Preschool children are more susceptible to M. pneumoniae infection and close contact appears to be the predominant factor favoring pathogen transmission. The public health response to COVID-19 can effectively control the transmission of M. pneumoniae.

Survey on the Populationʼs Needs and the Public Health Response During Floods in Germany 2002

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Schnitzler ◽  
Justus Benzler ◽  
Doris Altmann ◽  
Inge Mücke ◽  
Gérard Krause
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Response

scholarly journals Practical implications of naloxone knowledge among suburban people who use opioids

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin E. Schneider ◽  
Glenna J. Urquhart ◽  
Saba Rouhani ◽  
Ju Nyeong Park ◽  
Miles Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Baltimore City ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Response ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract Background Naloxone distribution programs have been a cornerstone of the public health response to the overdose crisis in the USA. Yet people who use opioids (PWUO) continue to face a number of barriers accessing naloxone, including not knowing where it is available. Methods We used data from 173 PWUO from Anne Arundel County, Maryland, which is located between Baltimore City and Washington, DC. We assessed the prevalence of recently (past 6 months) receiving naloxone and currently having naloxone, the type(s) of the naloxone kits received, and the perceived ease/difficultly of accessing naloxone. We also assessed participants knowledge of where naloxone was available in the community. Results One third (35.7%) of participants had recently received naloxone. Most who had received naloxone received two doses (72.1%), nasal naloxone (86.9%), and education about naloxone use (72.1%). Most currently had naloxone in their possession (either on their person or at home; 78.7%). One third (34.4%) believed naloxone was difficult to obtain in their community. Only half (56.7%) knew of multiple locations where they could get naloxone. The health department was the most commonly identified naloxone source (58.0%). Identifying multiple sources of naloxone was associated with being more likely to perceive that naloxone is easy to access. Discussion Our results suggest that additional public health efforts are needed to make PWUO aware of the range of sources of naloxone in their communities in order to ensure easy and continued naloxone access to PWUO.

Immigrant Communities and COVID-19: Strengthening the Public Health Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (S3) ◽  
pp. S224-S231
Author(s):  
Lan N. Đoàn ◽  
Stella K. Chong ◽  
Supriya Misra ◽  
Simona C. Kwon ◽  
Stella S. Yi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Infrastructure ◽  
Health Infrastructure

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the many broken fragments of US health care and social service systems, reinforcing extant health and socioeconomic inequities faced by structurally marginalized immigrant communities. Throughout the pandemic, even during the most critical period of rising cases in different epicenters, immigrants continued to work in high-risk-exposure environments while simultaneously having less access to health care and economic relief and facing discrimination. We describe systemic factors that have adversely affected low-income immigrants, including limiting their work opportunities to essential jobs, living in substandard housing conditions that do not allow for social distancing or space to safely isolate from others in the household, and policies that discourage access to public resources that are available to them or that make resources completely inaccessible. We demonstrate that the current public health infrastructure has not improved health care access or linkages to necessary services, treatments, or culturally competent health care providers, and we provide suggestions for how the Public Health 3.0 framework could advance this. We recommend the following strategies to improve the Public Health 3.0 public health infrastructure and mitigate widening disparities: (1) address the social determinants of health, (2) broaden engagement with stakeholders across multiple sectors, and (3) develop appropriate tools and technologies. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(S3):S224–S231. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306433 )

scholarly journals Modelling and analysis of COVID-19 epidemic in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
Single Case ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Positive Case ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World

ABSTRACTCOVID-19 epidemic is declared as the public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organisation in the second week of March 2020. This disease originated from China in December 2019 has already caused havoc around the world, including India. The first case in India was reported on 30th January 2020, with the cases crossing 6000 on the day paper was written. Complete lockdown of the nation for 21 days and immediate isolation of infected cases are the proactive steps taken by the authorities. For a better understanding of the evolution of COVID-19 in the country, Susceptible-Infectious-Quarantined-Recovered (SIQR) model is used in this paper. It is predicted that actual infectious population is ten times the reported positive case (quarantined) in the country. Also, a single case can infect 1.55 more individuals of the population. Epidemic doubling time is estimated to be around 4.1 days. All indicators are compared with Brazil and Italy as well. SIQR model has also predicted that India will see the peak with 22,000 active cases during the last week of April followed by reduction in active cases. It may take complete July for India to get over with COVID-19.

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