Biological therapies for immune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
John D. Isaacs ◽  
Nishanthi Thalayasingam
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Biological Therapies ◽  
Intercellular Interactions ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and related molecules are increasingly used to treat immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. They interact very precisely with a soluble or cell-bound ligand to have three predominant effects: neutralization of proinflammatory cytokines or growth factors; modulation of intercellular interactions; or depletion of pathogenic cells. They deliver significantly enhanced specificity in comparison to traditional synthetic drugs and have delivered substantial improvements in clinical outcomes in many immune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases. However, there are no biomarkers to help decide which biological class to try first in a particular patient, hence one of the main challenges for the future is the identification of ‘stratifiers’ to guide therapy.

scholarly journals Biological Therapies and Tuberculosis Infection in Dermatology

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Zellweger ◽  
◽  
Delia Goletti ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Biological Therapies ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
General Recommendation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chest X Ray

After contact with a case of transmissible tuberculosis (TB), some of the exposed individuals may be infected and develop an immune reaction against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of the disease. The replication of mycobacteria is usually stopped within cellular structures called granulomas, whose integrity relies on a complex interplay between cells and cytokines, the most prominent of them being TNF. In case of deficiency or inhibition of the activity of TNF, the granulomas may disrupt and release the surviving mycobacteria which may multiply, disseminate and lead to active TB disease. Several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, among which rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis can be treated by biological therapies acting by the inhibition of TNF or cytokines like IL-17 and IL-23. If these therapies, in particular TNF-inhibitors, are administered to people infected by Mtb, there is a risk of decreasing the integrity of granulomas and increasing the probability of mutiplication of mycobacteria and TB reactivation. Therefore, in persons with rheumatological, gastro-enterological and dermatological diseases candidate to biological therapies there is a general recommendation of screening for TB infection (TBI) at baseline. The screening should include also a search for history of prior TB or contact with TB, a test for the presence of TBI, and if scored positive, a chest X-Ray

scholarly journals Ixekizumab Overdose: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 603-607
Author(s):  
Margaret Snyder ◽  
Mark Lebwohl
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Biologic Agent ◽  
Autoimmune And Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

Biologics, defined as medicinal products derived from living cells, are currently some of the most studied pharmaceutical agents and constitute a large portion of recent therapeutic breakthroughs in clinical trials. Relatively novel to the scientific and medical community, insulin was the first biologic agent to be FDA-approved in the 1980’s.1 Since that time, the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies by Milstein and Kohler has revolutionized modern medicine, with over 100 products currently on the market for the prevention and treatment of infectious, neoplastic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases.2,3 Despite the remarkable clinical success that monoclonal antibodies have achieved since their development, safety data is still limited due to the relatively short duration of time these products have been available. Specifically, there is a considerable paucity of information regarding inadvertent biologic overdose, with most package inserts simply advising clinicians to monitor their patients for symptoms. Due to complex dosing schedules as well as increasing use of these agents, it is likely that healthcare providers will encounter cases of patients accidentally self-administering larger than recommended doses. It is thus imperative to have more data on maximum tolerated doses in order for clinicians to educate and care for their patients in the case of accidental biologic overdose. We therefore present a case of inadvertent administration of a higher than recommended dose of ixekizumab and review the available literature on biologic overdoses.

scholarly journals Biological treatment provides disease-modifying immunological effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Shamji ◽  
Elizabeth Palmer ◽  
Janice Layhadi ◽  
Theo Moraes ◽  
Thomas Eiwegger
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Symptom Control ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria ◽  
Biological Therapies ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Alternative Treatment Option ◽  
Immunological Effects

Advances in molecular biology alongside the accelerated development of gene and cell engineering have contributed to the development of several endotype-targeted biological therapies against chronic immune-mediated allergic diseases. Conventional therapies for asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with polyposis (CRSwNP), chronic spontaneous urticaria and atopic dermatitis (AD) are not without limitations, and as such the advent of biological therapies have provided a promising alternative treatment option. Biologicals have proven efficacious in the treatment of refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria, asthma, AD, CRSwNP and there is increasing evidence for their utility in treating food allergy. Biologicals are applied and investigated for the most urgent need: acute treatment, symptom control and reduction of steroid usage. Currently there are five approved biologicals for allergic disease management, targeted against IgE (omalizumab), type 2 (T2) cytokines and cytokine receptors (IL-4Ra; dupilumab, IL-5; mepolizumab/reslizumab, IL-5Ra; benralizumab).

Design and implementation of a mobile app for the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of patients diagnosed with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: eMidCare (Preprint)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Romero-Jimenez ◽  
Vicente Escudero-Vilaplana ◽  
Esther Chamorro-de-Vega ◽  
Arantza Ais-Larisgoitia ◽  
Maria Elena Lobato Matilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Biological Therapy ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Injection Site Reaction ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Biological Therapies ◽  
Patient Profile ◽  
Immune Mediated

BACKGROUND Pharmacotherapeutic management of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) has become more complex due to the development of new treatments, such as biological therapies. Mobile health, especially apps, can provide IMID patients with greater autonomy and facilitate communication with healthcare professionals. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to design and implement an app for remote monitoring and communication with IMID patients. We also assessed the usability of and satisfaction with the app. METHODS A multidisciplinary group comprising pharmacists, dermatologists, rheumatologists, gastroenterologists, and nurses was created to design and develop an app for IMID patients in a tertiary hospital. The app functionalities were identified through a focus group with IMID patients and through an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study of all available apps for IMID patients at App Store and Play Store platforms. Once the app was designed and developed, we started offering the app to all IMID patients who initiated a new biological therapy. We performed an observational, longitudinal study of patients followed using the app to assess the tool's impact on safety, communication, satisfaction, and usability. The inclusion period was from December 2020 to August 2021. The inclusion criteria were age ≥ 18 years, diagnosis of an IMID, and ownership of a Smartphone. Patients with language barriers were excluded. RESULTS We designed an app (eMidCare®) with the following modules: My Medication, My Questionnaires, Adverse Events, Useful Information, Messages, and Patient Profile. A total of 86 patients were installed with the app (the median age was 48.3 [18.1-79.4] years and 62.4 were female). The median (range) follow-up time for app use was 123 (5-270) days. In the My Medication module, 100% of patients registered their biological therapy and 25.9% also used this module to record each dose of medication administered. A total of 82 adverse events (AEs) were registered. Thirty-two percent of the patients registered at least 1 AE. The most frequent AEs were fatigue, injection site reaction, headache, and nausea. Fifty-two percent of patients used the Messages module to communicate with healthcare professionals. The most frequent messages concerned doubts about managing AEs (26.2%) and drug interactions (18.9%). The satisfaction survey yielded a median (range) score of 9.1 (7-10) out of 10. The app sections that patients browsed for the longest time were Messages (21.9%), Start screen (20.9%), My questionnaires (20.4%), My medication (8.8%), and Adverse events (7.1%). CONCLUSIONS We developed an app, eMidCare®, which reminds patients to take their medication, enables them to record AEs, and helps them communicate with healthcare professionals. Approximately one-third of the patients registered the administration of the biological therapies and registered at least 1 AE. The most used and most satisfactory functionality was communication with health professionals. Patient satisfaction and retention were very high.

scholarly journals Tetraspanin Tspan15 is an essential subunit of an ADAM10 scissor complex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chek Ziu Koo ◽  
Neale Harrison ◽  
Peter J. Noy ◽  
Justyna Szyroka ◽  
Alexandra L. Matthews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Amyloid Precursor Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Primary Cells ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Extracellular Region ◽  
Essential Subunit

AbstractA disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) is essential for embryonic development and impacts on diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s and inflammatory diseases. ADAM10 is a ‘molecular scissor’ that proteolytically cleaves the extracellular region from over 100 substrates, including Notch, amyloid precursor protein, cadherins, growth factors and chemokines. ADAM10 was recently proposed to function as six distinct scissors with different substrates, depending on its association with one of six regulatory tetraspanins, termed TspanC8s. However, it remains unclear to what degree ADAM10 function is critically dependent on a TspanC8 partner. To address this, we generated the first monoclonal antibodies to Tspan15 as a model TspanC8. These were used to show that ADAM10 is the principal Tspan15-interacting protein, that Tspan15 expression requires ADAM10 in cell lines and primary cells, and that a synthetic ADAM10/Tspan15 fusion protein is a functional scissor. Together these findings suggest that ADAM10 exists as an intimate ADAM10/TspanC8 scissor complex.

Biosimilars

Lupus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-532
Author(s):  
Christopher J Edwards ◽  
Salvatore Bellinvia
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Biological Therapies ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Phase Iii Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune Mediated

Biological therapies have widened the therapeutic armamentarium for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, providing in many cases a broad range of treatment options with different mechanisms of action. The widespread use of biological agents in systemic lupus erythematosus is currently limited to belimumab and rituximab, although results of promising larger Phase III clinical trials are awaited or have been recently circulated, especially for anti-cytokine therapies. The loss of exclusivity over the last years for several originator biologics has started the successful introduction of biosimilar products into clinical practice. There is an abbreviated pathway to biosimilar approval, but this is underpinned by the same standards of pharmaceutical quality, safety and efficacy that apply to all biological medicines. Nevertheless, there are unique reasons why development of biosimilars may be particularly challenging in lupus.

scholarly journals From Allergy to Cancer—Clinical Usefulness of Eotaxins

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Monika Zajkowska ◽  
Barbara Mroczko
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Chemokine Ligand

Eotaxins are proteins which belong to the group of cytokines. These small molecules are secreted by cells that are mainly involved in immune-mediated reactions in the course of allergic diseases. Eotaxins were discovered in 1994 and their main role was considered to be the selective recruitment of eosinophils. As those blood cells are involved in the course of all inflammatory diseases, including cancer, we decided to perform an extensive search of the literature pertaining to our investigation via the MEDLINE/PubMed database. On the basis of available literature, we can assume that eotaxins can be used as markers for the detection and determination of origin or type of allergic disease. Many publications also confirm that eotaxins can be used in the determination of allergic disease treatment. Moreover, there are also studies indicating a connection between eotaxins and cancer. Some researchers revealed that CCL11 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 11, eotaxin-1) concentrations differed between the control and tested groups indicating their possible usefulness in cancer detection. Furthermore, some papers showed usefulness of eotaxins in determining the treatment efficacy as markers of decreasing inflammation. Therefore, in this paper we present the current knowledge on eotaxins in the course of allergic and cancerous diseases.

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