Cystoisosporiasis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1436-1438
Author(s):  
Louis M. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Watery Diarrhoea ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea

Cystoisospora belli is a coccidian protozoan that colonizes epithelial cells of the small intestine. Infection occurs by ingestion of parasite oocysts in water or food. Clinical features of infection include watery diarrhoea, dehydration, fever, and weight loss in both immune competent and immune deficient patients. Cystoisospora belli forms tissue cysts that allow for relapses of this infection. Cystoisosporiasis presenting as chronic diarrhoea is an opportunistic infection associated with HIV infection. Diagnosis is by microscopic examination of faecal specimens for C. belli oocysts, which show blue autofluorescence under ultraviolet light. Cystoisospora belli infection, even in patients with AIDS, responds rapidly to treatment with co-trimoxazole.

Multiple balloon-like lesions in the small intestine of an adult with chronic diarrhoea

Gut ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Bei Zhou ◽  
Hong Lu ◽  
Ying-Xuan Chen ◽  
Jing-Yuan Fang
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
White Cell Count ◽  
Watery Diarrhoea ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Cd4 Lymphocyte

Clinical presentationA 28-year-old woman presented with a 3-year history of chronic watery diarrhoea along with abdominal pain and bloating, which could mostly be alleviated after defecation. Her symptom of diarrhoea, at least three times a day, could be relieved by neither probiotics nor antidiarrhoeal agents. She had also lost 5 kg in the last month. She denied family history, poor vaccine responses or significant infections in early childhood except for an allergy history to intravenous immunoglobulin (Ig) with immediate dyspnoea, palpitations and hypotension. Laboratory investigations suggested that the stool specimens were negative for viruses, parasites or bacteria. Laboratory evaluation revealed a low serum globulin level, 14.5 (reference range, 20–30 g/L); serum Ig levels were significantly abnormal: IgA <0.27 (0.7–4 g/L), IgM 0.24 (0.4–2.3 g/L), IgG 1.3 (7–16 g/L); white cell count 15.4×109/L (3.69–9.16×109/L); C-reactive protein (CRP) 20.5 (normal <10 mg/L); CD4+ lymphocyte/CD8+ lymphocyte 1.09% (1.5%–2%). Other laboratory findings were unremarkable, for example, tumour markers, autoantibodies and HIV, and so on. CT showed mesenteric nodule-like images and thickening of the wall and mucosa in small intestine. Peroral and transanal enteroscopy respectively demonstrated swelling mucosa and continuous granular lesions from duodenum to middle jejunum, and from middle ileum to terminal ileum (figure 1A–D).Figure 1Endoscopic images show swelling mucosa, dense nodular lesions in duodenum (A), upper jejunum (B), upper ileum (C) and terminal ileum (D).QuestionWhat is the most likely diagnosis?

Giardiasis and balantidiasis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1440-1449
Author(s):  
Lars Eckmann ◽  
Martin F. Heyworth
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Abdominal Discomfort ◽  
Giardia Intestinalis ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Watery Diarrhoea ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Faecal Material

Infection with Giardia intestinalis, a common flagellate protozoan that colonizes the lumen of the small intestine, is acquired by ingesting environmentally resistant cysts of the parasite, typically in water or food, or after contact with faecal material from infected individuals. Strains of the parasite that can potentially infect humans are also harboured by various mammals, including dogs and cattle. Manifestations include watery diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort, distension and pain, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, and malabsorption, with the infection typically being persistent and severe in individuals with certain immunodeficiencies. Chronic G. intestinalis infection can lead to micronutrient deficiencies, and impairment of growth and cognitive development in children.

scholarly journals CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH HIV INFECTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
M.O. Andrushchak ◽  
V.D. Moskaliuk ◽  
I.V. Balaniuk ◽  
I.V. Rudan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

According to the latest data, in early 2018, 75% of HIV-positive people in the world knew about their HIV status (70% in early 2017); 79% of those who knew about their HIV status received treatment, 81% of those who received antiretroviral therapy have achieved an undetectable level of HIV viral load in the blood, i.e. less than 1000 RNA copies / ml. The purpose of the work is to find out the current clinical and epidemiological features of HIV infection, including in the Bukovina region. Materials and Methods: this prospective study for 2016 – 2018 included 292 HIV patients undergoing outpatient monitoring at the Chernivtsi Regional Center for AIDS Prevention and Control. All the subjects gave voluntary informed consent to participate in the study. Results and Discussion: Young people (25 – 44 years old) were predominantly included in the study; their total share among men was 88.3% and among women – 76.0%. There were slightly more female patients under 24 years of age (10.6% of female individuals versus 4.3% of male individuals) and within the 45-55 year old group (13.4% female participants versus 7.4% of male individuals). Clinical signs of stage III HIV infection found in 108 people included the manifestations of general intoxication syndrome forcing the participants to stay down in the bed up to a half a day. All the participants demonstrated the weight loss over 10% of that initially established; 34 (31.5%) patients had "unexplained" chronic diarrhoea over 3 times a day, which lasted more than a month. For 118 HIV-positive patients of the IV clinical stage, the fatigue syndrome (unexplained weight loss (more than 10% for 6 months) was the most indicative; this condition forced them to stay in bed for more than a half a day. Conclusions: Markers of hemocontact viral hepatitis were detected in 59.1% of patients with clinical stage I and II HIV infection, in 55.6% of the patients with III stage HIV and in 61.0% with stage IV of the disease.

scholarly journals Comparision and evaluation of the clinical features of the patients of ART 1 failure who have started ART 2 medication

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1112
Author(s):  
R. K. Verma ◽  
Narendra Singh ◽  
Richa Giri ◽  
Lalit Kumar ◽  
Desh Nidhi Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
First Line ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
One Year

Background: ART introduction was a breakthrough step and a boon for HIV infected and AIDS patients. Since the launch of world’s second largest ART programme by Indian Government on 1st April 2004, duration and quality of patient’s life has improved significantly. But after years of treatment with first line ART drugs clinical deterioration is being observed in several patients. This study was done to find out clinical symptoms present in treatment failure cases and to look for any improvement after one year of second line ART.Methods: This is a Single tertiary care teaching hospital based clinical (assessment with investigation) continuous longitudinal, prospective and retrospective, observational study at ART plus Centre, Kanpur. All patients on 1st line ART treatment in the centre were screened for treatment failure as decided by SACEP from 2016 to 2018. Treatment failure was suspected in patients on first line ART treatment with deterioration or non-improvement of clinical symptoms which was later confirmed by immunological and virological test.Results: Study included 71 (61%) female and 47 (39%) male patients. Heterogeneous mode of transmission of disease was most common (97 (82%)) followed by Blood transfusion (11 (9%)). HIV infection prevalence in age group of 30 to 40 years was 54 (45%). Most common clinical features of the patients with first line ART treatment failure were weight loss (105 patients), chronic diarrhoea (56 patients), fever (34 patients), and cough (24 patients). After treatment for one year with 2nd line ART drugs above symptoms were reduced to 20, 5, 5 and 12 patients respectively.Conclusions: First line ART failure was most common among female patients and heterogeneous mode of transmission was the commonest. Most common clinical features of first line ART failure were weight loss, chronic diarrhoea, fever, and cough which were reduced significantly after treatment with 2ndline ART drugs for one year.

Electron probe x-ray microanalysis and electron microscopy of amino acid absorption and transport by the small intestine: inhibition by chemical poisons and correlation to the elemental composition of the epithelial cells

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
A. J. Tousimis
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Isotope Labeling ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Human Small Intestine ◽  
Transport Studies

The elemental composition of amino acids is similar to that of the major structural components of the epithelial cells of the small intestine and other tissues. Therefore, their subcellular localization and concentration measurements are not possible by x-ray microanalysis. Radioactive isotope labeling: I131-tyrosine, Se75-methionine and S35-methionine have been successfully employed in numerous absorption and transport studies. The latter two have been utilized both in vitro and vivo, with similar results in the hamster and human small intestine. Non-radioactive Selenomethionine, since its absorption/transport behavior is assumed to be the same as that of Se75- methionine and S75-methionine could serve as a compound tracer for this amino acid.

The protease phenotype and crystalline nature of the granules of intraepithelial mast cells in Trichinella spiralis-infected mice

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 818-819
Author(s):  
D.S. Friend ◽  
N. Ghildyal ◽  
M.F. Gurish ◽  
K.F. Austen ◽  
R.L. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Carboxypeptidase A ◽  
C3h Mice ◽  
Granule Morphology ◽  
Crystalline Nature

Trichinella spiralis induces a profound mastocytosis and eosinophilia in the small intestine of the infected mouse. Mouse mast cells (MC) store in their granules various combinations of at least five chymotryptic chymases [designated mouse MC protease (mMCP) 1 to 5], two tryptic proteases designated mMCP-6 and mMCP-7 and an exopeptidase, carboxypeptidase A (mMC-CPA). Using antipeptide, protease -specific antibodies to these MC granule proteases, immunohistochemistry was done to determine the distribution, number and protease phenotype of the MCs in the small intestine and spleen 10 to >60 days after Trichinella infection of BALB/c and C3H mice. TEM was performed to evaluate the granule morphology of the MCs between intestinal epithelial cells and in the lamina propria (mucosal MCs) and in the submucosa, muscle and serosa of the intestine (submucosal MCs).As noted in the table below, the number of submucosal MCs remained constant throughout the study. In contrast, on day 14, the number of MCs in the mucosa increased ~25 fold. Increased numbers of MCs were observed between epithelial cells in the mucosal crypts, in the lamina propria and to a lesser extent, between epithelial cells of the intestinal villi.

Uremia Associated with Erythrophagocytosis by Small Intestine Epithelial Cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-200
Author(s):  
Juliana Fariña ◽  
M. Concepción Millana ◽  
M<sup>a</sup> Jesús Fernández-Aceñero ◽  
Vanessa Campo-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Epithelial Cells

scholarly journals The clinical features of HIV infection in Africa.

BMJ ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 293 (6560) ◽  
pp. 1453-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J Biggar
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Features
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