Hepatitis A to E

2020 ◽  
pp. 3108-3119
Author(s):  
Graeme J.M. Alexander ◽  
Kate Nash
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Immunoglobulin Preparations ◽  
Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The clinical picture with each of the five major hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E depends firstly upon whether infection is acute, with resolution, or evolves into chronic infection; secondly, on the grade of hepatic inflammation; and thirdly, the stage of fibrosis. Acute icteric hepatitis is the most easily recognized consequence of infection and is generally a self-limited condition. In otherwise healthy individuals, only hepatitis B and C cause chronic viral hepatitis. In immunosuppressed individuals, hepatitis A can follow a protracted course, while hepatitis E can evolve to chronic infection. A specific diagnosis is made by the combination of serology and polymerase chain reaction. Uncomplicated cases recover spontaneously; there is no proven therapy to enhance recovery. Acute liver failure caused by viral hepatitis now has a good outcome, with liver transplantation available for those with poor parameters at onset. Protection against hepatitis A and B is available, both by active vaccination and (less often now) by passive administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin preparations. Vaccines for hepatitis C are some distance away, but for hepatitis E are under investigation. Vaccination against hepatitis B also protects against hepatitis D.

scholarly journals Biochemical Parameters in Common Viral Hepatitis

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Ashraf-Uz-Zaman ◽  
Bilquis Ara Begum ◽  
Humaira Binte Asad ◽  
Shafia Sharmin Moutoshi ◽  
Md Nasiruddin
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Serum Bilirubin Level ◽  
Hepatitis D

Viral hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis viruses. The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic viruses Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, and Hepatitis E. The aim of this study is to assess the biochemical parameters in viral hepatitis which varies with respect to the different types of viral hepatitis. Sex of the patient affected by Hepatitis A was almost similar in male and female, being 9 (45%) and 11 (55%) in respectively. But in contrast, more than eighty per cent (85%) Hepatitis-E affected population was male. Similar scenario was found in Hepatitis B And C infection (Male- 75%,67%, Female 25,35%). Mean value with standard deviation (±SD) of serum bilirubin level was highest in Hepatitis E (251 ± 125.19 ìmol/l). Value of serum ALT in hepatitis E was found to be 1794 U/l (highest), hepatitis B 1362 U/l hepatitis C are 135.45 U/L,. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (S.AST) is also raised in all types of vira hepatitis but more in Hepatitis E (765 U/l) and Hepatitis B (430 U/l). Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) was raised significantly in Hepatitis B (240 U/l). The prothombin time was more altered in Hepatitis-E (22.7seconds) and Hepatitis-B (18.5 seconds). There was no significant alteration in serum protein level. So, it can be concluded that derangement of biochemical parameters in patients suffering from common types of viral hepatitis is more in HEV and HBV and comparatively less in HAV and HCV. Keywords: Viral hepatitis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E DOI:10.3329/jom.v11i1.4268 J Medicine 2010: 11: 42-45

Viral Hepatitis: A, B, C, D and E—Infection

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 203-212
Author(s):  
Saul Krugman
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Infectious Hepatitis ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccine ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Barr Virus

Viral hepatitis is caused by at least five etiologically and immunologically distinct viruses: hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis D (HDV), and hepatitis E (HEV). The clinical, epidemiologic, and immunologic features of these five forms of viral hepatitis may be similar or different. Hepatitis also may occur during the course of disease caused by cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, rubella virus, arboviruses, and other agents. Hepatitis A is synonymous with "infectious hepatitis," an ancient disease described by Hippocrates and formerly known as epidemic jaundice, acute catarrhal jaundice, and other designations. The fulminant form of the disease was called acute yellow atrophy of the liver. Hepatitis B is synonymous with "serum hepatitis," a disease with a more recent history. The first known outbreak occurred during 1883 among a group of shipyard workers who were vaccinated against smallpox with glycerinated lymph of human origin. Later, an increased incidence of the disease was observed among patients attending venereal disease clinics, diabetes clinics, and other facilities where multiple injections were given with inadequately sterilized syringes and needles contaminated with the blood of a viral carrier. The most extensive outbreak occured in 1942, when yellow fever vaccine containing human serum caused 28 585 cases of hepatitis B infection with jaundice among United Stated military personnel.

Viral Hepatitis: 1985 Update

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Saul Krugman
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
B Virus

During the past two decades extraordinary advances in hepatitis research have clarified the etiology and natural history of the disease. At least four types of hepatitis have been identified: A, B, D (delta), and non-A, non-B. Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis D virus (HDV) have been characterized. Serologic tests have been developed to detect the antigens and antibodies associated with these three hepatitis infections. As of the present time, the non-A, non-B viral agents have not been identified. Therefore, non-A, non-B hepatitis is diagnosed by excluding other viral causes of hepatitis, such as hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and others. A recent report indicating that non-A, non-B hepatitis may be caused by a retrovirus, if confirmed, may provide a specific marker of this infection. The course of viral hepatitis is variable; it may be an asymptomatic, anteric infection, or it may be an acute illness characterized by fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Most patients recover completely, but occasionally the infection may be complicated by chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and, occasionally, by a fulminant fatal outcome. This review will be devoted predominantly to a discussion of the diagnostic and prophylactic aspects of hepatitis A and hepatitis B viral infections.

Viral Hepatitis Other than A, B, or C

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem Anwar ◽  
Kenneth E. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Hepatitis D Virus ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Key Words Hepatitis

Viral hepatitis is a global, although variably distributed, health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Infection with a hepatitis virus leads to acute inflammation and liver cell damage (hepatocyte injury). Such infection may be symptomatic or subclinical and may result in disease resolution, death from fulminant hepatic failure, or development of  a chronic disease state. Whereas the chronic infection with hepatitis B and C accounts for a global burden of more than 500,000,000 cases, the global death rate from all types of hepatitis is approximately 1 million people annually. This review focuses on the virology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis D and hepatitis E, as well as other viruses associated with hepatitis. Figures show the global distribution of hepatitis D infection, elevation of anti–hepatitis D virus antibodies in hepatitis B/hepatitis D virus coinfection, geographic distribution of hepatitis E virus by genotype, factors significant in the pathogenesis of hepatitis E, and pattern of antibody elevation in hepatitis E. The table lists proposed diagnostic criteria for hepatitis E virus. This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 1 table, and 42 references. Key words: hepatitis D, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis E, hepatitis E virus, non-A hepatitis, non-B hepatitis, non-C hepatitis, viral hepatitis 

Viral Hepatitis Other Than A, B, or C

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem Anwar ◽  
Kenneth E. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Hepatitis D Virus ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Key Words Hepatitis

Viral hepatitis is a global, although variably distributed, health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Infection with a hepatitis virus leads to acute inflammation and liver cell damage (hepatocyte injury). Such infection may be symptomatic or subclinical and may result in disease resolution, death from fulminant hepatic failure, or development of  a chronic disease state. Whereas the chronic infection with hepatitis B and C accounts for a global burden of more than 500,000,000 cases, the global death rate from all types of hepatitis is approximately 1 million people annually. This review focuses on the virology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis D and hepatitis E, as well as other viruses associated with hepatitis. Figures show the global distribution of hepatitis D infection, elevation of anti–hepatitis D virus antibodies in hepatitis B/hepatitis D virus coinfection, geographic distribution of hepatitis E virus by genotype, factors significant in the pathogenesis of hepatitis E, and pattern of antibody elevation in hepatitis E. The table lists proposed diagnostic criteria for hepatitis E virus. This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 1 table, and 42 references. Key words: hepatitis D, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis E, hepatitis E virus, non-A hepatitis, non-B hepatitis, non-C hepatitis, viral hepatitis 

Hepatotropic viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D and E) in a rural Brazilian population: prevalence, genotypes, risk factors and vaccination

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlla A A Caetano ◽  
Fabiana P R Bergamaschi ◽  
Megmar A S Carneiro ◽  
Raquel S Pinheiro ◽  
Lyriane A Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Hbv Vaccination ◽  
Viral Hepatitis A

Abstract Background People living in settlement projects represent an emergent rural population in Brazil. Data on their health is scarce and there are no data on viral hepatitis in this population. This study investigated the epidemiology of viral hepatitis A-E in residents of settlement projects in central Brazil. Methods During 2011 and 2012, 923 people living in rural settlements in central Brazil were interviewed and tested to estimate the prevalence of exposure to viral hepatitis A-E, to identify the circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and risk factors for HBV exposure and to evaluate adherence to the hepatitis B vaccination series. Results Overall, 85.9, 3.9, 0.4 and 17.3% of individuals showed evidence of exposure to hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus, HCV and HBV, respectively. Among HBV-DNA positive samples (n=8), subgenotypes A1 (n=3) and A2 (n=1) and genotype D/subgenotype D3 (n=4) were identified. Hepatitis D virus superinfection was detected in 0/16 HBsAg-positive participants. A total of 229 individuals showed serological evidence of HBV vaccination. In total, 442 settlers were eligible for vaccination, but only 150 individuals completed the vaccine series. All anti-HCV-positive samples (n=4) were also HCV-RNA positive and identified as subtype 1a. Conclusions The intermediate endemicity of HAV, the higher prevalence of HBV exposure compared with urban areas and the low compliance with HBV vaccination requires preventive measures focused on rural populations, emphasizing the need for HAV and HBV vaccination.

History and Global Burden of Viral Hepatitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert E. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Viral Hepatitis A

Between 1963 and 1989, 5 hepatotropic viruses have been discovered that are the major causes of viral hepatitides worldwide: hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis delta virus and hepatitis E virus. Their epidemiology and pathogenesis have been studied in great detail. Furthermore, the structure and genetic organization of their DNA or RNA genome including the viral life cycle have been elucidated and have been successfully translated into important clinical applications, such as the specific diagnosis, therapy and prevention of the associated liver diseases, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prevalence of acute and chronic viral hepatitis A-E shows distinct geographic differences. The global burden of disease (prevalence, incidence, death, disability-adjusted life years) has been analyzed in seminal studies that show that the worldwide prevalence of hepatitis A-E has significantly decreased between 1990 and 2013. During the same time, the incidence of HBV-related liver cirrhosis and HCC, respectively, also decreased or increased slightly, the incidence of the HCV-related liver cirrhosis remained stable and the incidence of HCV-related HCC showed a major increase. During the coming years, we expect to improve our ability to prevent and effectively treat viral hepatitis A-E, resulting in the control of these global infections and the elimination of their associated morbidities and mortalities.

scholarly journals Enteric viral hepatitis in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Southern Vietnam)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Ostankova ◽  
A. V. Semenov ◽  
D. E. Valutite ◽  
E. B. Zueva ◽  
E. N. Serikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
General Group ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Increased Risk

Aim: To study the hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis Е (HEV) prevalence in the Southern region of Vietnam based on the frequency analysis of the antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses detection in the local population and groups at increased risk of infection.Materials and methods. Serological markers of enteral viral hepatitis were determined in blood serum samples from adults aged 18 to 65 years of three groups: conditionally healthy individuals (n = 397), HIV-infected (n = 316), and patients with chronic viral hepatitis (n = 268). The ELISA method was used for the qualitative detection of anti-HAV IgG, anti-HAV IgM, anti-HEV IgG, anti-HEV IgM.Results. When analyzing the prevalence of anti-HAV IgG in samples obtained from conditionally healthy, HIV-infected, and patients with chronic viral hepatitis, no differences were found between the groups. The incidence of anti-HAV IgG in the general group (n = 981) was 80.1%, in the absence of anti-HAV IgM. There were no gender-age differences in the frequency of anti-HAV IgG in the examined groups. Antibodies anti-HEV IgG in the groups of conditionally healthy, patients with chronic viral hepatitis, and HIV-infected were present in the samples in 36,2%, 33,2%, and 39,8% of cases, respectively. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgM in these groups was 3,27%, 4,1%, and 3,79%, respectively. In the general group (n = 981), anti-HEV IgG was detected in 36,6% of cases, anti-HEV IgM in 3,66%, which corresponds to the prevalence of antibodies to HEV in endemic regions.Conclusion. A high incidence of enteral viral hepatitis markers was shown in residents of South Vietnam, including the groups of conditionally healthy, patients with chronic viral hepatitis, and HIV-infected. There is an obvious need for further studies of the spread extent of hepatitis A and hepatitis E in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam using currently available highly sensitive diagnostic methods, including sequencing of the virus›s nucleotide sequences.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Co-infection of Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E Viruses in children - A hospital-based study in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Bodhrun Naher ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Virus Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
B Virus

Viral hepatitis is a serious health problem globally and in endemic countries like Bangladesh. Viral hepatitis may present as mono-infection or co-infection caused by Hepatitis A Virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, and Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)

scholarly journals Chronic viral hepatitis B and D in pregnant women: course and outcomes (review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
M. D. Akhmedova ◽  
Sh. A. Tashpulatova ◽  
G. A. Ikhtiyarova ◽  
M. T. Karimova
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Viral Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is most common among young people, which is explained by the ways of infection – parenteral, sexual and vertical. Mother-to-child transmission is the main route of infection for children in areas where the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic.The available current data on the course and outcomes of chronic viral hepatitis B are contradictory in pregnant women. Some authors argue that the exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B is more common in the first and third trimesters in pregnant women, and with an increase in gestation, there is a deterioration in liver function and an increased risk of fulminant liver failure. Other researchers note a more severe course in the second half of pregnancy or in the first months after delivery.High replication of the virus increases the frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus, hemostatic disorders, the threat of termination of pregnancy, gestosis, fetoplacental insufficiency, risk of bleeding in childbirth, premature birth, untimely discharge of amniotic fluid, and the birth of premature babies.Children become chronic carriers of HBsAd in neonatal hepatitis. These findings suggest that transplacental infection before birth may be a mechanism contributing to higher rates of failed prevention in newborns born to women with a high viral load.We could not find data on the features of the course and outcomes of viral hepatitis D in pregnant women in the available sources,. At the same time, it is known that mixed infection is more severe.Polymorphisms of genes associated with the regulation of the state of the vascular wall can have a significant impact on the course of infection.The high prevalence of hepatitis D infection in different parts of the world indicates the need for a comprehensive study of this disease, followed by the development of special programs for the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B and D in pregnant women. 

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