Hepatotropic viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D and E) in a rural Brazilian population: prevalence, genotypes, risk factors and vaccination

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlla A A Caetano ◽  
Fabiana P R Bergamaschi ◽  
Megmar A S Carneiro ◽  
Raquel S Pinheiro ◽  
Lyriane A Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Hbv Vaccination ◽  
Viral Hepatitis A

Abstract Background People living in settlement projects represent an emergent rural population in Brazil. Data on their health is scarce and there are no data on viral hepatitis in this population. This study investigated the epidemiology of viral hepatitis A-E in residents of settlement projects in central Brazil. Methods During 2011 and 2012, 923 people living in rural settlements in central Brazil were interviewed and tested to estimate the prevalence of exposure to viral hepatitis A-E, to identify the circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and risk factors for HBV exposure and to evaluate adherence to the hepatitis B vaccination series. Results Overall, 85.9, 3.9, 0.4 and 17.3% of individuals showed evidence of exposure to hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus, HCV and HBV, respectively. Among HBV-DNA positive samples (n=8), subgenotypes A1 (n=3) and A2 (n=1) and genotype D/subgenotype D3 (n=4) were identified. Hepatitis D virus superinfection was detected in 0/16 HBsAg-positive participants. A total of 229 individuals showed serological evidence of HBV vaccination. In total, 442 settlers were eligible for vaccination, but only 150 individuals completed the vaccine series. All anti-HCV-positive samples (n=4) were also HCV-RNA positive and identified as subtype 1a. Conclusions The intermediate endemicity of HAV, the higher prevalence of HBV exposure compared with urban areas and the low compliance with HBV vaccination requires preventive measures focused on rural populations, emphasizing the need for HAV and HBV vaccination.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses in the Hormozgan province southern Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Amin Behzadi ◽  
Victor Hugo Leyva-Grado ◽  
Mandana Namayandeh ◽  
Atoosa Ziyaeyan ◽  
Roya Feyznezhad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Hbs Ag ◽  
Viral Hepatitis A

Abstract Background Viral hepatitis is a global public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide, causing thousands of deaths due to acute and persistent infection, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Providing updated serologic data can improve both surveillance and disease control programs. This study is aimed to determine the seroprevalence of markers for viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D and E) and the epidemiology of such infections in the general population of southern Iran’s Hormozgan province. Methods Between 2016 and 2017, a total of 562 individuals with ages ranging from 1 to 86 years, who visited governmental public laboratories for routine check-ups, were tested for the presence of serological markers to hepatitis virus types A to E using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results The overall anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibody seroprevalence was 93.2% (524/562). The prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies was 15.8% (89/562) among which 1.6% (9/562) of the seropositive individuals also had evidence of recent exposure to the virus (IgM positivity). Two and a half percent (14/562) were positive for hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen, whereas 11.6% (65/562) tested positive for anti-hepatitis B core (HBc) antibodies. Among anti-HBc positive patients, 11% (7/65) had HBs Ag and 5% (3/65) were positive for anti-hepatitis D virus (HDV) antibodies. The prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies was 0.7% (4/562). The seroprevalence of anti-HAV, HEV IgG, anti-HBc antibodies, and HBs Ag increased with age. Conclusion The present study confirms a high seroprevalence of HAV infection among the examined population and reveals high levels of endemicity for HEV in the region. Planned vaccination policies against HAV should be considered in all parts of Iran. In addition, improvements on public sanitation and hygiene management of drinking water sources for the studied area are recommended.

scholarly journals Community studies on hepatitis B in Rajahmundry town of Andhra Pradesh, India, 1997–8: unnecessary therapeutic injections are a major risk factor

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SINGH ◽  
R. BHATIA ◽  
S. K. PATNAIK ◽  
S. KHARE ◽  
D. BORA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Community Studies ◽  
Viral Hepatitis B ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hepatitis B Transmission ◽  
Viral Hepatitis A

In Rajahmundry town in India, 234 community cases of jaundice were interviewed for risk factors of viral hepatitis B and tested for markers of hepatitis A–E. About 41% and 1·7% of them were positive for anti-HBc and anti-HCV respectively. Of 83 cases who were tested within 3 months of onset of jaundice, 5 (6%), 11 (13·3%), 1 (1·2%), 5 (6%) and 16 (19·3%) were found to have acute viral hepatitis A–E, respectively. The aetiology of the remaining 60% (50/83) of cases of jaundice could not be established. Thirty-one percent (26/83) were already positive for anti-HBc before they developed jaundice. History of therapeutic injections before the onset of jaundice was significantly higher in cases of hepatitis B (P = 0·01) or B–D (P = 0·04) than in cases of hepatitis A and E together. Other potential risk factors of hepatitis B transmission were equally prevalent in two groups. Subsequent studies showed that the majority of injections given were unnecessary (74%, 95% CI 66–82%) and were administered by both qualified and unqualified doctors.

Viral Hepatitis: 1985 Update

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Saul Krugman
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
B Virus

During the past two decades extraordinary advances in hepatitis research have clarified the etiology and natural history of the disease. At least four types of hepatitis have been identified: A, B, D (delta), and non-A, non-B. Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis D virus (HDV) have been characterized. Serologic tests have been developed to detect the antigens and antibodies associated with these three hepatitis infections. As of the present time, the non-A, non-B viral agents have not been identified. Therefore, non-A, non-B hepatitis is diagnosed by excluding other viral causes of hepatitis, such as hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and others. A recent report indicating that non-A, non-B hepatitis may be caused by a retrovirus, if confirmed, may provide a specific marker of this infection. The course of viral hepatitis is variable; it may be an asymptomatic, anteric infection, or it may be an acute illness characterized by fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Most patients recover completely, but occasionally the infection may be complicated by chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and, occasionally, by a fulminant fatal outcome. This review will be devoted predominantly to a discussion of the diagnostic and prophylactic aspects of hepatitis A and hepatitis B viral infections.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Liver Cancer in Africa: Current and Future Trends

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (02) ◽  
pp. 111-123
Author(s):  
Edith Okeke ◽  
Pantong Mark Davwar ◽  
Lewis Roberts ◽  
Kurt Sartorius ◽  
Wendy Spearman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a disease of global public health significance with mortality on the rise, despite the preventable nature of its risk factors especially in Africa. It is now the sixth most common cancer worldwide, fifth in males, and ninth in females. HCC incidence and mortality are predicted to increase in African countries constrained by limited resources to combat endemic levels of viral infection and synergistic environmental risk factors. The changing nature of HCC etiology is particularly illustrated here with the traditional risk factors like viral hepatitis coexisting alongside high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and rapidly increasing urbanization that have promoted a sharp increase in additional risk factors like coinfection, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Although there are some differences in etiology between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, risk factors like chronic viral hepatitis B and C, aflatoxin exposure, and iron overload predominate. Aggressive hepatitis B genotypes, combined with hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus/HIV coinfections and aflatoxin exposure, promote a more aggressive molecular phenotype. In parallel to a better understanding of the molecular etiology of HCC, policy and planning initiatives to address the burden of HCC must be anchored within the reality of the limited resources available. Establishment and coordination of cancer registries across Africa is needed to improve the quality of data necessary to galvanize action. Preventive measures including hepatitis B vaccination programs, measures to prevent maternal-to-child and child-to-child transmission, delivery of universally accessible antiretroviral and antiviral treatments, and reduction of dietary aflatoxin exposure can contribute markedly to reduce HCC incidence. Finally, the development of biomarkers and new therapeutic interventions will need a better understanding of the unique genetic and epigenetic characteristics of HCC on the continent. We present a narrative review of HCC in Africa, discussing present and future trends.

scholarly journals Biochemical Parameters in Common Viral Hepatitis

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Ashraf-Uz-Zaman ◽  
Bilquis Ara Begum ◽  
Humaira Binte Asad ◽  
Shafia Sharmin Moutoshi ◽  
Md Nasiruddin
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Serum Bilirubin Level ◽  
Hepatitis D

Viral hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis viruses. The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic viruses Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, and Hepatitis E. The aim of this study is to assess the biochemical parameters in viral hepatitis which varies with respect to the different types of viral hepatitis. Sex of the patient affected by Hepatitis A was almost similar in male and female, being 9 (45%) and 11 (55%) in respectively. But in contrast, more than eighty per cent (85%) Hepatitis-E affected population was male. Similar scenario was found in Hepatitis B And C infection (Male- 75%,67%, Female 25,35%). Mean value with standard deviation (±SD) of serum bilirubin level was highest in Hepatitis E (251 ± 125.19 ìmol/l). Value of serum ALT in hepatitis E was found to be 1794 U/l (highest), hepatitis B 1362 U/l hepatitis C are 135.45 U/L,. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (S.AST) is also raised in all types of vira hepatitis but more in Hepatitis E (765 U/l) and Hepatitis B (430 U/l). Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) was raised significantly in Hepatitis B (240 U/l). The prothombin time was more altered in Hepatitis-E (22.7seconds) and Hepatitis-B (18.5 seconds). There was no significant alteration in serum protein level. So, it can be concluded that derangement of biochemical parameters in patients suffering from common types of viral hepatitis is more in HEV and HBV and comparatively less in HAV and HCV. Keywords: Viral hepatitis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E DOI:10.3329/jom.v11i1.4268 J Medicine 2010: 11: 42-45

Viral Hepatitis: A, B, C, D and E—Infection

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 203-212
Author(s):  
Saul Krugman
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Infectious Hepatitis ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccine ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Barr Virus

Viral hepatitis is caused by at least five etiologically and immunologically distinct viruses: hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis D (HDV), and hepatitis E (HEV). The clinical, epidemiologic, and immunologic features of these five forms of viral hepatitis may be similar or different. Hepatitis also may occur during the course of disease caused by cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, rubella virus, arboviruses, and other agents. Hepatitis A is synonymous with "infectious hepatitis," an ancient disease described by Hippocrates and formerly known as epidemic jaundice, acute catarrhal jaundice, and other designations. The fulminant form of the disease was called acute yellow atrophy of the liver. Hepatitis B is synonymous with "serum hepatitis," a disease with a more recent history. The first known outbreak occurred during 1883 among a group of shipyard workers who were vaccinated against smallpox with glycerinated lymph of human origin. Later, an increased incidence of the disease was observed among patients attending venereal disease clinics, diabetes clinics, and other facilities where multiple injections were given with inadequately sterilized syringes and needles contaminated with the blood of a viral carrier. The most extensive outbreak occured in 1942, when yellow fever vaccine containing human serum caused 28 585 cases of hepatitis B infection with jaundice among United Stated military personnel.

Hepatitis A to E

2020 ◽  
pp. 3108-3119
Author(s):  
Graeme J.M. Alexander ◽  
Kate Nash
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Immunoglobulin Preparations ◽  
Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The clinical picture with each of the five major hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E depends firstly upon whether infection is acute, with resolution, or evolves into chronic infection; secondly, on the grade of hepatic inflammation; and thirdly, the stage of fibrosis. Acute icteric hepatitis is the most easily recognized consequence of infection and is generally a self-limited condition. In otherwise healthy individuals, only hepatitis B and C cause chronic viral hepatitis. In immunosuppressed individuals, hepatitis A can follow a protracted course, while hepatitis E can evolve to chronic infection. A specific diagnosis is made by the combination of serology and polymerase chain reaction. Uncomplicated cases recover spontaneously; there is no proven therapy to enhance recovery. Acute liver failure caused by viral hepatitis now has a good outcome, with liver transplantation available for those with poor parameters at onset. Protection against hepatitis A and B is available, both by active vaccination and (less often now) by passive administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin preparations. Vaccines for hepatitis C are some distance away, but for hepatitis E are under investigation. Vaccination against hepatitis B also protects against hepatitis D.

scholarly journals Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A and B in the general population in Hong Kong: protocol of a cross-sectional survey using spatial sampling in a highly urbanised city

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e042065
Author(s):  
Chin Man Poon ◽  
Denise P Chan ◽  
Shui Shan Lee ◽  
Ngai Sze Wong
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
Study Results

IntroductionDifferences in immunisation policies have significantly reshaped the epidemiology of hepatitis A and B in the population. Assessment of the susceptibility and transmission potential of these two types of vaccine-preventable hepatitis would enhance the capacity of public health authorities for viral hepatitis elimination. Focusing on Hong Kong, the objectives of this study comprise the determination of the population-level seroprevalence of hepatitis A and B and an examination of the risk factors for virus transmission and the population impacts of vaccinations.Methods and analysisThis is a cross-sectional household survey on hepatitis A and B. By using socially homogeneous building groups as sampling frame, eligible members of 1327 spatially selected households would be invited to complete a questionnaire and provide blood samples for serological testing (anti-hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B surface and core antibody). The main measures comprise a set of metrics on the prevalence of hepatitis A and B. Analysis would be conducted to examine the association of risk factors with the tested markers and describe the attitudes towards viral hepatitis vaccination.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval from the Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong—New Territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee, and approval for laboratory safety from the Chinese University of Hong Kong have been obtained. The study results will be presented in scientific forums to update on the epidemiology of hepatitis A and B and inform the development of new vaccination strategies in Hong Kong.Trial registration numberNCT04371276.

scholarly journals Assessment of external risk factors of hepatocellular cancer development and markers of genetic predisposition to its development in the ethnic group of yakut - men

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
N D Yushchuk ◽  
S S Sleptsova ◽  
S I Malov ◽  
I F Bilukina ◽  
S I Semenov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Hepatocellular Cancer ◽  
Antiviral Immunity ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Hepatitis D

Aim. To establish the main external and genetically determined risk factors for the development of hepatocellular cancer in the ethnic group of male Yakuts living in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) [RS (Y)] in the epidemiologically unfavorable conditions of the incidence of viral hepatitis. Materials and methods. A total of 97 male Yakuts were examined, including 44 people diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer and 53 people diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis. HCC risk factors were identified by analyzing medical records and questioning patients. In the experimental and control groups, genetic studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes mapped on the X-chromosome and involved in the activation of antiviral immunity along the TLR7 signaling pathway were performed. Results and discussion. In 100% of patients with hepatocellular cancer, infection with hepatitis B, C, D viruses or co - infection with these agents was detected. Every fourth patient with HCC in the RS (Y) was infected with hepatitis D. The course of hepatocellular cancer associated with HDV was characterized by rapid progression of liver cirrhosis, development of portal hypertension, bleeding from varicose veins of the stomach and esophagus (36.4%) and edematous ascitic syndrome (63.6%). In addition to viral agents, additional risk factors for liver cancer were identified, such as alcohol abuse, overweight, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Among the studied variation sites of genes localized on the X-chromosome and encoding the reaction of innate antiviral immunity, no genetic marker was found with a sufficient degree of confidence determining the likelihood of hepatocellular cancer developing. Conclusions. The high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma of the male population in the RS (Y) is due to the widespread prevalence of parenteral viral hepatitis, especially viral hepatitis D. Due to the introduction of mass vaccination of the population against hepatitis B in the Russian Federation in the foreseeable future in the RS (Y) we should see a decrease in the proportion of hepatocellular cancer associated with hepatitis B and D viruses, and therefore the focus should be on the treatment and prevention of hepatitis C virus and non - infectious risk factors.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document