Case 36

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-254
Author(s):  
Andrew Woodhouse
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acute Hiv

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a worldwide infection and new cases continue to occur. Recognizing features of acute HIV infection and also underlying conditions that might reflect longer-standing infection are key to diagnosis. This allows treatment to be started which can maintain or improve health and prevent further deterioration of immune function. Treatment is indicated for the majority of newly diagnosed cases irrespective of immune function status. Current treatment strategies are so effective and tolerable now compared to early antiretroviral regimens that HIV has become a long-term manageable condition for the majority of newly diagnosed people who are able to access antiretroviral therapy.

Late diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infections in high-risk groups in Karachi, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (14) ◽  
pp. 1400-1406
Author(s):  
Zahra Hasan ◽  
Sharaf Shah ◽  
Rumina Hasan ◽  
Shoaib Rao ◽  
Manzoor Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevalence in Pakistan has been increasing in high-risk groups, including people who inject drugs (PWID) and transgender hijra sex workers (TG-HSWs) nationwide. Effective control of HIV requires early diagnosis of the infection. We investigated recency of HIV infections in newly-diagnosed cases in PWID and TG-HSWs. This was an observational study with convenience sampling. Overall, 210 HIV-positive subjects comprising an equal number of PWID and TG-HSWs were included. Antibody avidity was tested using the Maxim HIV-1 Limiting Antigen Avidity (LAg) EIA (Maxim Biomedical, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, USA). The mean age of study subjects was 29.5 years: PWID, 28.5 years and TG-HSWs, 30.4 years. Study subjects were married, 27%, or unmarried. Eighteen percent of individuals had recently-acquired HIV infections: 19% of PWID and 17% of TG-HSWs. Eighty-two percent of individuals had long-term HIV infections: 81% of PWID and 83% of TG-HSWs. This is the first study identification of recent HIV-1 infections in Pakistan. We show that most newly-diagnosed HIV patients in the high-risk groups studied had long-term infections. There is an urgent need for intervention in these groups to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection to reduce transmission in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Awareness of Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Mobile App-Using Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Missed Public Health Opportunity

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Siegler ◽  
Travis Sanchez ◽  
R. Craig Sineath ◽  
Jeremy Grey ◽  
Erin Kahle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acute Hiv ◽  
Sex With Men

Abstract In a national online survey, we assessed awareness and knowledge of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection manifestation among 1748 men who have sex with men (MSM). Only 39% of respondents were aware that acute HIV infection may be accompanied by symptoms. Education and increased access to acute HIV testing may facilitate MSM to appropriately seek acute HIV testing.

scholarly journals Colorectal Disorders in Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Case Series

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Theppharit Panichsillapakit ◽  
Derek Patel ◽  
Joanne Santangelo ◽  
Douglas D. Richman ◽  
Susan J. Little ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
First Case ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acute Hiv

Abstract Background.  The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is important in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We report a case series of lower GI endoscopic and histopathologic findings of HIV-infected individuals after presentation with acute infection. Methods.  We performed a retrospective case review of individuals infected with HIV who enrolled between August 2010 and April 2013 in a primary infection treatment trial. All participants started the trial during acute infection and underwent colonoscopy with biopsies at baseline and after the start of antiretroviral treatment. Results.  Twenty acutely infected individuals were included in the study (mean age, 33 years; range, 20–54 years). All participants were male who reported having receptive anal sex as an HIV risk factor. Nine individuals (45%) had at least 1 finding by colorectal pathology; 1 person had 2 diagnoses (diverticulosis and focal active proctitis). The histopathological findings revealed anal dysplasia in 3 cases: 2 had high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and 1 had low-grade AIN. Two persons had a colorectal polyp, 1 hyperplastic and 1 adenomatous. Three persons were diagnosed with diverticulosis, and 2 persons were diagnosed with proctitis, including 1 with focal active proctitis and 1 with cytomegalovirus proctitis. Conclusions.  To our knowledge, this is the first case series report of lower GI disorders in acute HIV-infected individuals. Although the causal relationship remains uncertain, we describe the endoscopic findings that were observed during acute HIV infection among men who have sex with men. Understanding the prevalence of these pathologies may likely shed light on how acute HIV infection damages the lower GI tract.

scholarly journals Incubation Time of Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Duration of Acute HIV Infection Are Independent Prognostic Factors of Progression to AIDS

2000 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 334-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Vanhems ◽  
Bernard Hirschel ◽  
Andrew N. Phillips ◽  
David A. Cooper ◽  
Jeanette Vizzard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acute Hiv

scholarly journals Co-infection by Cryptococcus neoformans fungaemia and Non tuberculous Mycobacterium together with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a patient with newly diagnosed HIV infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eihab Subahi ◽  
safwan aljafar ◽  
haidar barjas ◽  
Mohamed Abdelrazek ◽  
Fatima Rasoul
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Opportunistic infections are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Co-infections with Cryptococcus neoformans together with Mycobacterium and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) are rare, and typically occur in immunocompromised individuals, particularly AIDS patients.

scholarly journals Exploring the Important Attributes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Generating Decision Rules

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Ching-Hsue Cheng ◽  
Yun-Chun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
Attribute Selection ◽  
The Core ◽  
Medical Visits ◽  
Medical Environment ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the most severe phase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Living with HIV results in a weakened immune system, with AIDS being the final stage of HIV and puzzling the world. The current medical environment remains unable to effectively cure AIDS, with treatment depending on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). To effectively treat and prevent HIV, it is important to elucidate the key factors of HIV propagation. This study proposes a rough set classifier based on adding recency (R) (i.e., the last physician visit), frequency (F) (i.e., the frequency of medical visits), and monetary (M) (i.e., medication adherence) attributes and integrated attribute selection methods to generate discriminatory rules and find the core attributes of HIV. The collected data consist of 1308 HIV infection records from Taiwan. From the experimental results, the frequency of CD4+ cells in the peripheral blood is able to determine patient medication, treatment willingness, and HIV infection stages, because HIV patients are less likely to be willing to receive long-term ART. Furthermore, drug abuse is found to be the greatest cause of HIV infection. These results show that the additional RFM attributes can improve classification accuracy, with the core attributes being M, R, plasma viral load (PVL) and age. Hence, we suggest that clinical physicians use these core attributes to understand the HIV infection stages.

scholarly journals Sustained Delivery of a Broadly Neutralizing Antibody in Nonhuman Primates Confers Long-Term Protection against Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 5895-5903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin O. Saunders ◽  
Amarendra Pegu ◽  
Ivelin S. Georgiev ◽  
Ming Zeng ◽  
M. Gordon Joyce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Human Antibody ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Passive Antibody Transfer

ABSTRACTPathogen-specific neutralizing antibodies protect against many viral infections and can potentially prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in humans. However, neutralizing antibodies have so far only been shown to protect nonhuman primates (NHP) against lentiviral infection when given shortly before challenge. Thus, the clinical utility and feasibility of passive antibody transfer to confer long-term protection against HIV-1 are still debated. Here, we investigate the potential of a broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibody to provide long-term protection in a NHP model of HIV-1 infection. A human antibody was simianized to avoid immune rejection and used to sustain therapeutic levels for ∼5 months. Two months after the final antibody administration, animals were completely protected against viral challenge. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and potential of long-term passive antibody for protection against HIV-1 in humans and provide a model to test antibody therapies for other diseases in NHP.IMPORTANCEAntibodies against HIV are potential drugs that may be able to prevent HIV infection in humans. However, the long-term protective capacity of antibodies against HIV has not been assessed. Here, we repetitively administered a macaque version of a human anti-HIV antibody to monkeys, after which the antibody persisted in the blood for >5 months. Moreover, the antibody could be sustained at protective levels for 108 days, conferring protection 52 days after the last dose in a monkey model of HIV infection. Thus, passive antibody transfer can provide durable protection against infection by viruses that cause AIDS in primates.

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