Animatio

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Michael Obladen
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Biological Reality ◽  
Fetal Movements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shed Light

The onset of individual human life has fascinated thinkers of all cultures and epochs and the history of their ideas may shed light on an unsettled debate. Aristotle attributed three different souls to subsequent developmental stages. The last, rational soul, was associated with the formed fetus, and entailed fetal movements. With some modifications, the concept of delayed ensoulment—at 30, 42, 60, or 90 days after conception—was adopted by several Christian church fathers and remained valid throughout the Middle Ages. During the Enlightenment, philosophers began to replace the rational soul by the term personhood, basing the latter on self-awareness. Biological reality suggests that personhood accrues slowly, not at a specific date during gestation. Requirements for personhood are present in the embryo, but not in the pre-embryo before implantation: anatomic substrate; no more totipotent cells; and decreased rate of spontaneous loss. But biological facts alone cannot determine the embryo’s moral status. Societies must negotiate and decide on the extent of protection of unborn humans. In the 21st century, fertilization, implantation, extrauterine viability, and birth have become landmarks of change in ontological status.

Animatio: a history of ideas on the beginning of personhood

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-364
Author(s):  
Michael Obladen
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Biological Reality ◽  
Fetal Movements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Human

Abstract The onset of individual human life has fascinated thinkers of all cultures and epochs, and the history of their ideas may enlighten an unsettled debate. Aristotle attributed three different souls to the subsequent developmental stages. The last, the rational soul, was associated with the formed fetus, and entailed fetal movements. With some modifications, the concept of delayed ensoulment – at 30, 42, 60, or 90 days after conception – was adopted by several Christian Church Fathers and remained valid throughout the Middle Ages. The concept of immediate ensoulment at fertilization originated in the 15th century and became Catholic dogma in 1869. During the Enlightenment, philosophers began to replace the rational soul with the term personhood, basing the latter on self-consciousness. Biological reality suggests that personhood accrues slowly, not at a specific date during gestation. Requirements for personhood are present in the embryo, but not in the preembryo before implantation: anatomic substrate; no more totipotent cells; decreased rate of spontaneous loss. However, biological facts alone cannot determine the embryo’s moral status. Societies must negotiate and decide the degree of protection of unborn humans. In the 21st century, fertilization, implantation, extrauterine viability and birth have become the most widely accepted landmarks of change in ontological status.

Violence and Masculinity

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Eibach
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Grand Theory ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Violence ◽  
Shed Light

A consistent overrepresentation of men in recorded violent crimes and thus a certain disposition of male aggressiveness has been evident from the late Middle Ages to today. However, we can also detect several major shifts in the history of interpersonal male violence from the eighteenth century onward. From a cultural historical perspective, violent actions by men or women cannot be interpreted as contingent, individual acts, but rather must be seen as practices embedded in sociocultural contexts and accompanied by informal norms. Because one grand theory cannot account convincingly for the history of violence and masculinity, an array of approaches is more likely to shed light on the issue. Interestingly, shifts in the history of violence have often corresponded with changes to prevailing notions of masculinity. This essay delineates the relevant historical shifts from the early modern “culture of dispute” to the different paths of interpersonal violence over the twentieth century.

scholarly journals The Monobloc Chair: Democratising the Practice of Sitting

Res Mobilis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Carsten Kullmann
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Multiple Meanings ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Middle Ages

This article examines the cultural history of chairs to understand the many meanings the Monobloc can acquire. The history of chairs is traced from post nomadic culture through the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment period and the French Revolution. Subsequently, I will examine the Monobloc from a Cultural Studies perspective and demonstrate how its unique characteristics allow multiple meanings, which are always dependent on context and discourse. Thus, the Monobloc becomes an utterly democratic symbol of popular culture that can be appropriated for any use.

scholarly journals The evolution of the doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope in the Catholic beliefs. "An historical contract study"

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abd Al Awaisheh ◽  
Hala Ghassan Al Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Middle Ages

This study examines the history of the development of the doctrine of infallibility of the Pope (Bishop of Rome) in the Catholic Church, from the Middle Ages to its adoption as a dogmatic constitution, to shed light on the impact of the course of historical events on the crystallization of this doctrine and the conceptual structure upon which it was based. The study concluded that the doctrine of infallibility of the Pope was based on the concept of the Peter theory, and it went through several stages, the most prominent of which was the period of turbulence in the Middle Ages, and criticism in the modern era, and a series of historical events in the nineteenth century contributed to the siege of the papal seat, which prompted Pius The ninth to endorsing the doctrine of infallibility of the Pope to confront these criticisms in the first Vatican Council in 1870 AD, by defining the concept of infallibility in the context of faith education and ethics, and this decision was emphasized in the Second Vatican Council in 1964 AD, but in more detail.

The Early Middle Ages of Samuel Beckett

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-38
Author(s):  
Mark Byron
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Medieval Philosophy ◽  
Trinity College Dublin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Divine Identity

Beckett's investigations in the history of philosophy are well represented in his notebooks of the late 1920s and early 1930s, which provide a close record of his reading in ancient, medieval, and modern philosophy, as well as in history, literature, and psychology. Numerous scholars – Daniella Caselli, Anthony Uhlmann, Dirk Van Hulle, Matthew Feldman, and David Addyman among others – have carefully delineated the relationship between Beckett's note-taking and his deployment of philosophical sources in his literary texts. Whilst the focus quite rightly tends to fall on Beckett's absorption of Presocratic, Aristotelian, Cartesian, and post-Cartesian philosophy, there are important strands of early medieval philosophy that find expression in his literary work. The philosophy notes housed in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, provide insights into Beckett's reading in medieval philosophy, drawing almost exclusively from Wilhelm Windelband's History of Philosophy. The epoch spanning from Augustine to Abelard saw central concepts in theology and metaphysics develop in sophistication, such as matters of divine identity and non-identity, the metaphysics of light, and the nature of sin. The influence of the Eastern Church Fathers (Gregory of Nyssa, Basil of Caesarea, Maximus the Confessor) on Western metaphysics finds expression in the figuration of light and its relation to knowing and unknowing. This eastern theological inflection is evident in the ‘Dream’ Notebook, where Beckett's notes demonstrate his careful reading of William Inge's Christian Mysticism. These influences are expressed most prominently in various themes and allusions in his early novels Dream of Fair to Middling Women, Murphy, and Watt. The formal experiments and narrative self-consciousness of these early novels also respond to the early medieval transformation of textual form, where the precarious post-classical fruits of learning were preserved in new modes of encyclopaedism, commentary, and annotation. Beckett's overt display of learning in his early novels was arguably a kind of intellectual and textual preservation. But the contest of ideas in his work subsequently became less one of intellectual history and more that of immanent thinking in the process of composition itself.

Mathematics, Physics and Religion: A Need for Candor and Rigor

1984 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-470
Author(s):  
Frederick W. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Christian Belief ◽  
Intellectual Culture ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of

In Western culture, religion and the sciences often have found themselves to be more and more at odds since the period of the Enlightenment. The change which that era brought to the Christian community could be illustrated as follows. The analogy is perhaps a bit overdrawn, but it does indicate how important the historical shifts were. During the earliest phase of Christian belief, Christianity had to compete with other religions as one fruit-bearing tree within a varied orchard. When the Christian religion became established and dominant in the Middle Ages it tended to cause other trees to wither and die because of its enormous and on occasion darkening size. During the Reformation a radical pruning took place which gave life not only to the Protestant branch but also a new vitality to the Roman Catholic branch. What the Enlightenment represented was the first pervasive suggestion that most fruit trees — perhaps even the orchard — were unnecessary. One could find individual precursors of such attempts as well as a number of people during the Enlightenment who found various religions satisfying. But at no time in the history of Christianity had a large segment of the intellectual culture been so fascinated with the idea that religion in most all of its forms might be useless.

Alexander of Aphrodisias and his Doctrine of the Soul 1400 Years of Lasting Significance

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eckhard Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Sense Perception ◽  
Philosophy Of Nature ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Alexander Of Aphrodisias ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThis piece of work intends to shed light on Alexander of Aphrodisias from the second-century Aristotle commentator through the history of Aristotelian psychology up to the sixteenth century's clandestine prompter of the new philosophy of nature. In the millennium after his death the head of the Peripatetic school in Athens served as the authority on Aristotle in the Neo-Platonic school, survived the Arabic centuries of philosophy as Averroes' exemplary exponent of the mortality of the soul and as such was not considered worthy of translation by the Latin Scholastics. This attitude changed only in the Late Middle Ages, when the resistance against Averroes grew fierce and Alexander emerged as the only Aristotelian alternative to him. In 1495 his account of Aristotle's psychology was translated and published and the underlying principles of a natural philosophy, based on sense perception and exempt from metaphysics, became accessible. The prompt reception and widespread endorsement of Alexander's teaching testify to his impact throughout the sixteenth century.

scholarly journals Gregorian Chorale as a Cultural Phenomenon of the Early Middle Ages: Background, Formation and Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 148-162
Author(s):  
Нестор Волков
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Liturgical Music ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
The Church

В данном исследовании автором будет поднят и рассмотрен вопрос развития церковной богослужебной музыки, а именно возникновение в Западной Церкви такого явления как григорианский хорал. Предпосылки его появления можно отследить начиная с ветхозаветных богослужебных песнопений как храмовых, так и более поздних - синагогальных. Затем автор разберет восприятие музыкальной науки в античной среде, такими классиками как Пифагор, Платон, и Аристотель, какое место в культуре и человеческой жизни в целом они ей отводили, какие функции приписывали, а также рассмотрит отношение к музыкальной науке отцов и учителей Церкви, их восприятие музыки как за богослужением, так и вне церковного пространства, но как отдельного культурного явления. Вместе с тем будут рассмотрены политические процессы, происходившие на территориях Западной Церкви, которые в свою очередь и привели сознание Западной Церкви к созданию единого корпуса богослужебных песнопений - григорианского хорала. Также автор даст ответ на вопрос: почему григорианский хорал может по праву считаться символом эпохи Раннего Средневековья, отображением самой культуры того времени. In this study, the author will raise and consider the issue of the development of Church liturgical music, namely the emergence of such a phenomenon as the Gregorian chorale in the Western Church. The prerequisites for its appearance can be traced back to the old Testament liturgical hymns, both temple and later - synagogue. Then the author will analyze the perception of music science in the ancient environment, such classics as Pythagoras, Plato, and Aristotle, what place they assigned to it in culture and human life in General, what functions they attributed to it, and also consider the attitude of the Church fathers and teachers to music science, their perception of music both at worship and outside the Church space, but as a separate cultural phenomenon. At the same time, we will consider the political processes that took place in the territories of the Western Church, which in turn led the consciousness of the Western Church to create a single corpus of liturgical hymns - the Gregorian chorale. The author will also answer the question: why the Gregorian chorale can rightfully be considered a symbol of the Early middle Ages, a reflection of the culture of that time.

scholarly journals Collections coloniales?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 24-38
Author(s):  
Claire Brizon
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Global History ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Shed Light

Based on three case studies of artifacts from 18th century collections preserved in Swiss cultural institutions, I attempt to rethink the use of the word "colonial" before the 19th century, and to apply it to describe collections from the modern period. I attempt to shed light on how these collections could be exhibited to provide critical perspective on these artefacts and the stories they are allowed to tell, in view of the upcoming exhibition entitled Exotic Switzerland? A Global History of the Enlightenment to open in 2020 at the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne.

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