Glucose monitoring

2011 ◽  
pp. 1861-1868 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Pickup
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Microvascular Disease ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Hypo Glycaemia ◽  
Interstitial Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Blood glucose concentrations are measured in diabetes to detect hyper- and hypo-glycaemia. Health care professionals need this information to diagnose diabetes, or states of impaired glucose tolerance, to adjust therapy and correct hyper- and hypo-glycaemia in established diabetes, to interpret signs and symptoms in patients (e.g. is confusion due to hypoglycaemia or another cause?), and to assess the risk of tissue complications developing in the future (the severity and duration of hyperglycaemia is clearly related to microvascular disease). The patient with diabetes measures blood glucose concentrations to take corrective action with food and insulin, to maintain good control, to check the safety of everyday activities (e.g. not driving when hypoglycaemic), to assess the impact of events and lifestyle and on control (exercise, diet, illness, psychological stress), and to ensure a good quality of life and the ‘peace of mind’ that knowledge of the blood glucose concentration gives. Glucose monitoring has traditionally been performed by intermittent sampling of blood glucose concentrations, either in hospital or by the patient testing their own blood glucose concentrations at home using finger-prick capillary blood samples applied to reagent strips and inserted into portable glucose meters – self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). In addition, in the last decade or so, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has entered clinical practice as a supplement to SMBG, albeit with limited uptake at present. CGM is based on the implantation of needle-type glucose sensors, or microdialysis probes, into the subcutaneous tissue for measurement of interstitial glucose concentrations.

Comparison of two glucose-monitoring systems for use in horses

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Caitlin E. Malik ◽  
David M. Wong ◽  
Katarzyna A. Dembek ◽  
Katherine E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Freestyle Libre ◽  
Interstitial Glucose

Abstract OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of 2 interstitial glucose-monitoring systems (GMSs) for use in horses compared with a point-of-care (POC) glucometer and standard laboratory enzymatic chemistry method (CHEM). ANIMALS 8 clinically normal adult horses. PROCEDURES One of each GMS device (Dexcom G6 and Freestyle Libre 14-day) was placed on each horse, and blood glucose concentration was measured via POC and CHEM at 33 time points and compared with simultaneous GMS readings. An oral glucose absorption test (OGAT) was performed on day 2, and glucose concentrations were measured and compared. RESULTS Glucose concentrations were significantly correlated with one another between all devices on days 1 to 5. Acceptable agreement was observed between Dexcom G6 and Freestyle Libre 14-day when compared with CHEM on days 1, 3, 4, and 5 with a combined mean bias of 10.45 mg/dL and 1.53 mg/dL, respectively. During dextrose-induced hyperglycemia on day 2, mean bias values for Dexcom G6 (10.49 mg/dL) and FreeStyle Libre 14-day (0.34 mg/dL) showed good agreement with CHEM. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Serial blood glucose measurements are used to diagnose or monitor a variety of conditions in equine medicine; advances in near-continuous interstitial glucose monitoring allow for minimally invasive glucose assessment, thereby reducing stress and discomfort to patients. Data from this study support the use of the Dexcom G6 and Freestyle Libre 14-day interstitial glucose-monitoring systems to estimate blood glucose concentrations in horses.

scholarly journals Morning (Fasting) vs Afternoon Resistance Exercise in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 5217-5224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Reza Toghi-Eshghi ◽  
Jane E Yardley
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Variability ◽  
Interstitial Glucose ◽  
Design And Methods

Abstract Objective To determine the effect of morning exercise in the fasting condition vs afternoon exercise on blood glucose responses to resistance exercise (RE). Research Design and Methods For this randomized crossover design, 12 participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus [nine females; aged 31 ± 8.9 years; diabetes duration, 19.1 ± 8.3 years; HbA1c, 7.4% ± 0.8% (57.4 ± 8.5 mmol/mol)] performed ∼40 minutes of RE (three sets of eight repetitions, seven exercises, at the individual’s predetermined eight repetition maximum) at either 7 am (fasting) or 5 pm. Sessions were performed at least 48 hours apart. Venous blood samples were collected immediately preexercise, immediately postexercise, and 60 minutes postexercise. Interstitial glucose was monitored overnight postexercise by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Results Data are presented as mean ± SD. Blood glucose rose during fasting morning exercise (9.5 ± 3.0 to 10.4 ± 3.0 mmol/L), whereas it declined with afternoon exercise (8.2 ± 2.5 to 7.4 ± 2.6 mmol/L; P = 0.031 for time-by-treatment interaction). Sixty minutes postexercise, blood glucose concentration was significantly higher after fasting morning exercise than after afternoon exercise (10.9 ± 3.2 vs 7.9 ± 2.9 mmol/L; P = 0.019). CGM data indicated more glucose variability (2.7 ± 1.1 vs 2.0 ± 0.7 mmol/L; P = 0.019) and more frequent hyperglycemia (12 events vs five events; P = 0.025) after morning RE than after afternoon RE. Conclusions Compared with afternoon RE, morning (fasting) RE was associated with distinctly different blood glucose responses and postexercise profiles.

scholarly journals Unsupervised calibration for noninvasive glucose-monitoring devices using mid-infrared spectroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (06) ◽  
pp. 1850038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Kasahara ◽  
Saiko Kino ◽  
Shunsuke Soyama ◽  
Yuji Matsuura
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Spectral Data ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Noninvasive, glucose-monitoring technologies using infrared spectroscopy that have been studied typically require a calibration process that involves blood collection, which renders the methods somewhat invasive. We develop a truly noninvasive, glucose-monitoring technique using mid-infrared spectroscopy that does not require blood collection for calibration by applying domain adaptation (DA) using deep neural networks to train a model that associates blood glucose concentration with mid-infrared spectral data without requiring a training dataset labeled with invasive blood sample measurements. For realizing DA, the distribution of unlabeled spectral data for calibration is considered through adversarial update during training networks for regression to blood glucose concentration. This calibration improved the correlation coefficient between the true blood glucose concentrations and predicted blood glucose concentrations from 0.38 to 0.47. The result indicates that this calibration technique improves prediction accuracy for mid-infrared glucose measurements without any invasively acquired data.

scholarly journals Modeling and Measurement of Correlation between Blood and Interstitial Glucose Changes

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Shi ◽  
Dachao Li ◽  
Guoqing Li ◽  
Yiming Zhang ◽  
Kexin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Interstitial Glucose ◽  
Lag Times

One of the most effective methods for continuous blood glucose monitoring is to continuously measure glucose in the interstitial fluid (ISF). However, multiple physiological factors can modulate glucose concentrations and affect the lag phase between blood and ISF glucose changes. This study aims to develop a compensatory tool for measuring the delay in ISF glucose variations in reference to blood glucose changes. A theoretical model was developed based on biophysics and physiology of glucose transport in the microcirculation system. Blood and interstitial fluid glucose changes were measured in mice and rats by fluorescent and isotope methods, respectively. Computer simulation mimicked curves were fitted with data resulting from fluorescent measurements of mice and isotope measurements of rats, indicating that there were lag times for ISF glucose changes. It also showed that there was a required diffusion distance for glucose to travel from center of capillaries to interstitial space in both mouse and rat models. We conclude that it is feasible with the developed model to continuously monitor dynamic changes of blood glucose concentration through measuring glucose changes in ISF with high accuracy, which requires correct parameters for determining and compensating for the delay time of glucose changes in ISF.

Evaluation of a continuous glucose monitoring system in cats with diabetes mellitus

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena ME Ristic ◽  
Michael E Herrtage ◽  
Sabine MM Walti-Lauger ◽  
Linda A. Slater ◽  
David B. Church ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Continuous Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Continuous Glucose Monitoring System ◽  
Glucose Measurement ◽  
Glucose Curve

A continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) was evaluated in 14 cats with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus. The device measures interstitial fluid glucose continuously, by means of a sensor placed in the subcutaneous tissue. All cats tolerated the device well and a trace was obtained on 15/16 occasions. There was good correlation between the CGMS values and blood glucose concentration measured using a glucometer ( r=0.932, P<0.01). Limitations to the use of the CGMS are its working glucose range of 2.2–22.2 mmol/l (40–400 mg/dl) and the need for calibration with a blood glucose measurement at least every 12 h. When compared to a traditional blood glucose curve, the CGMS is minimally invasive, reduces the number of venepunctures necessary to assess the kinetics of insulin therapy in a patient and provides a truly continuous glucose curve.

Accuracy and precision assessment of a new blood glucose monitoring system

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Nong Ji ◽  
Li-Xin Guo ◽  
Li-Bin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Glucose Testing ◽  
Blood Tests ◽  
Accuracy And Precision

AbstractBlood glucose self-monitoring by individuals with diabetes is essential in controlling blood glucose levels. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) introduced new standards for blood glucose monitoring systems (BGMS) in 2013 (ISO 15197: 2013). The CONTOUR PLUSThis study evaluated the accuracy and precision of CONTOUR PLUS BGMS in quantitative glucose testing of capillary and venous whole blood samples obtained from 363 patients at three different hospitals.Results of fingertip and venous blood glucose measurements by the CONTOUR PLUS system were compared with laboratory reference values to determine accuracy. Accuracy was 98.1% (96.06%–99.22%) for fingertip blood tests and 98.1% (96.02%–99.21%) for venous blood tests. Precision was evaluated across a wide range of blood glucose values (5.1–17.2 mmol/L), testing three blood samples repeatedly 15 times with the CONTOUR PLUS blood glucose meter using test strips from three lots. All within-lot results met ISO criteria (i.e., SD<0.42 mmol/L for blood glucose concentration <5.55 mmol/L; CV<7.5% for blood glucose concentration ≥5.55 mmol/L). Between-lot variations were 1.5% for low blood glucose concentration, 2.4% for normal and 3.4% for high.Accuracy of both fingertip and venous blood glucose measurements by the CONTOUR PLUS system was >95%, confirming that the system meets ISO 15197: 2013 requirements.

Effect of low blood glucose on plasma CRF, ACTH, and cortisol during prolonged physical exercise

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1807-1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Tabata ◽  
F. Ogita ◽  
M. Miyachi ◽  
H. Shibayama
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Bicycle Exercise ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Prolonged Physical Exercise ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Exercise In Humans

The effects of low blood glucose concentration during low-intensity prolonged physical exercise on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis were investigated in healthy young men. In experiment 1, six subjects who had fasted for 14 h performed bicycle exercise at 50% of their maximal O2 uptake until exhaustion. At the end of the exercise, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol increased significantly. However, this hormonal response was totally abolished when the same subjects exercised at the same intensity while blood glucose concentrations were maintained at the preexercise level. In experiment 2, in addition to ACTH and cortisol, the possible changes in plasma concentration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) were investigated during exercise of the same intensity performed by six subjects. As suggested by a previous study (Tabata et al. Clin. Physiol. Oxf. 4: 299–307, 1984), when the blood glucose concentrations decreased to less than 3.3 mM, plasma concentrations of CRF, ACTH, and cortisol showed a significant increase. At exhaustion, further increases were observed in plasma CRF, ACTH, and cortisol concentrations. These results demonstrate that decreases in blood glucose concentration trigger the pituitary-adrenocortical axis to enhance secretion of ACTH and cortisol during low-intensity prolonged exercise in humans. The data also might suggest that this activation is due to increased concentration of CRF, which was shown to increase when blood glucose concentration decreased to a critical level of 3.3 mM.

scholarly journals Effects of cholecystokinin on appetite and pyloric motility during physiological hyperglycemia

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (1) ◽  
pp. G98-G104 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Rayner ◽  
H. S. Park ◽  
S. M. Doran ◽  
I. M. Chapman ◽  
M. Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Pyloric Motility ◽  
Food Consumed

Recent studies suggest that the interaction between small intestinal nutrient stimulation and the blood glucose concentration is important in the regulation of gastric motility and appetite. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on antropyloric motility and appetite are influenced by changes in the blood glucose concentration within the normal postprandial range. Seven healthy volunteers were studied on 4 separate days. A catheter incorporating a sleeve sensor was positioned across the pylorus, and the blood glucose was stabilized at either 4 mmol/l (2 days) or 8 mmol/l (2 days). After the desired blood glucose had been maintained for 90 min, an intravenous infusion of either CCK-8 (2 ng ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ min− 1) or saline (control) was given for 60 min. Thirty minutes after the infusion began, the catheter was removed and subjects drank 400 ml of water with guar gum before being offered a buffet meal. The amount of food consumed (kcal) was quantified. The order of the studies was randomized and single-blinded. There were fewer antral waves at a blood glucose of 8 than at 4 mmol/l during the 90-min period before the infusions ( P < 0.05) and during the first 30 min of CCK-8 or saline infusion ( P = 0.07). CCK-8 suppressed antral waves ( P < 0.05), stimulated isolated pyloric pressure waves (IPPWs) ( P < 0.01), and increased basal pyloric pressure ( P < 0.005) compared with control. During administration of CCK-8, basal pyloric pressure ( P < 0.01), but not the number of IPPWs, was greater at a blood glucose of 8 mmol/l than at 4 mmol/l. CCK-8 suppressed the energy intake at the buffet meal ( P < 0.01), with no significant difference between the two blood glucose concentrations. We conclude that the acute effect of exogenous CCK-8 on basal pyloric pressure, but not appetite, is modulated by physiological changes in the blood glucose concentration.

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